Front propagation dynamics: Qualitative differences revealed by very high intensity fluctuations

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the effect of a large external noise on the propagation of a front between two stable steady states. Noise affects one of the steady states or the thresholds. Significantdifferences with respect to the case of small noise intensity are carefully studied using a Langevin approach. The average effect of noise is modeled by means of an additional nonlinear term that enables an analysis of short-time and long-time behaviors. Nontrivial behaviors are numerically observed and analytically discussed: (i) Two symmetry breakings of the fluctuation-free stable states are observed and (ii) two fronts propagating in opposite directions are simultaneously observed and the propagation direction may be exchanged by changing the diffusion coefficient.Fil: Mangioni, Sergio Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas de Mar del Plata. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez Acevedo, Javier. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Física; Argentin

Bovine Tuberculosis in Doñana Biosphere Reserve: The Role of Wild Ungulates as Disease Reservoirs in the Last Iberian Lynx Strongholds

Doñana National Park (DNP) in southern Spain is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve where commercial hunting and wildlife artificial feeding do not take place and traditional cattle husbandry still exists. Herein, we hypothesized that Mycobacterium bovis infection prevalence in wild ungulates will depend on host ecology and that variation in prevalence will reflect variation in the interaction between hosts and environmental risk factors. Cattle bTB reactor rates increased in DNP despite compulsory testing and culling of infected animals. In this study, 124 European wild boar, 95 red deer, and 97 fallow deer were sampled from April 2006 to April 2007 and analyzed for M. bovis infection. Modelling and GIS were used to identify risk factors and intra and inter-species relationships. Infection with M. bovis was confirmed in 65 (52.4%) wild boar, 26 (27.4%) red deer and 18 (18.5%) fallow deer. In the absence of cattle, wild boar M. bovis prevalence reached 92.3% in the northern third of DNP. Wild boar showed more than twice prevalence than that in deer (p<0.001). Modelling revealed that M. bovis prevalence decreased from North to South in wild boar (p<0.001) and red deer (p<0.01), whereas no spatial pattern was evidenced for fallow deer. Infection risk in wild boar was dependent on wild boar M. bovis prevalence in the buffer area containing interacting individuals (p<0.01). The prevalence recorded in this study is among the highest reported in wildlife. Remarkably, this high prevalence occurs in the absence of wildlife artificial feeding, suggesting that a feeding ban alone would have a limited effect on wildlife M. bovis prevalence. In DNP, M. bovis transmission may occur predominantly at the intra-species level due to ecological, behavioural and epidemiological factors. The results of this study allow inferring conclusions on epidemiological bTB risk factors in Mediterranean habitats that are not managed for hunting purposes. Our results support the need to consider wildlife species for the control of bTB in cattle and strongly suggest that bTB may affect animal welfare and conservation

Association of Candidate Gene Polymorphisms With Chronic Kidney Disease: Results of a Case-Control Analysis in the Nefrona Cohort

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major risk factor for end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular disease and premature death. Despite classical clinical risk factors for CKD and some genetic risk factors have been identified, the residual risk observed in prediction models is still high. Therefore, new risk factors need to be identified in order to better predict the risk of CKD in the population. Here, we analyzed the genetic association of 79 SNPs of proteins associated with mineral metabolism disturbances with CKD in a cohort that includes 2, 445 CKD cases and 559 controls. Genotyping was performed with matrix assisted laser desorption ionizationtime of flight mass spectrometry. We used logistic regression models considering different genetic inheritance models to assess the association of the SNPs with the prevalence of CKD, adjusting for known risk factors. Eight SNPs (rs1126616, rs35068180, rs2238135, rs1800247, rs385564, rs4236, rs2248359, and rs1564858) were associated with CKD even after adjusting by sex, age and race. A model containing five of these SNPs (rs1126616, rs35068180, rs1800247, rs4236, and rs2248359), diabetes and hypertension showed better performance than models considering only clinical risk factors, significantly increasing the area under the curve of the model without polymorphisms. Furthermore, one of the SNPs (the rs2248359) showed an interaction with hypertension, being the risk genotype affecting only hypertensive patients. We conclude that 5 SNPs related to proteins implicated in mineral metabolism disturbances (Osteopontin, osteocalcin, matrix gla protein, matrix metalloprotease 3 and 24 hydroxylase) are associated to an increased risk of suffering CKD

PREDICT identifies precipitating events associated with the clinical course of acutely decompensated cirrhosis

Background & Aims: Acute decompensation (AD) of cirrhosis may present without acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) (ADNo ACLF), or with ACLF (AD-ACLF), defined by organ failure(s). Herein, we aimed to analyze and characterize the precipitants leading to both of these AD phenotypes. Methods: The multicenter, prospective, observational PREDICT study (NCT03056612) included 1,273 non-electively hospitalized patients with AD (No ACLF = 1,071; ACLF = 202). Medical history, clinical data and laboratory data were collected at enrolment and during 90-day follow-up, with particular attention given to the following characteristics of precipitants: induction of organ dysfunction or failure, systemic inflammation, chronology, intensity, and relationship to outcome. Results: Among various clinical events, 4 distinct events were precipitants consistently related to AD: proven bacterial infections, severe alcoholic hepatitis, gastrointestinal bleeding with shock and toxic encephalopathy. Among patients with precipitants in the AD-No ACLF cohort and the AD-ACLF cohort (38% and 71%, respectively), almost all (96% and 97%, respectively) showed proven bacterial infection and severe alcoholic hepatitis, either alone or in combination with other events. Survival was similar in patients with proven bacterial infections or severe alcoholic hepatitis in both AD phenotypes. The number of precipitants was associated with significantly increased 90day mortality and was paralleled by increasing levels of surrogates for systemic inflammation. Importantly, adequate first-line antibiotic treatment of proven bacterial infections was associated with a lower ACLF development rate and lower 90-day mortality. Conclusions: This study identified precipitants that are significantly associated with a distinct clinical course and prognosis in patients with AD. Specific preventive and therapeutic strategies targeting these events may improve outcomes in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Lay summary: Acute decompensation (AD) of cirrhosis is characterized by a rapid deterioration in patient health. Herein, we aimed to analyze the precipitating events that cause AD in patients with cirrhosis. Proven bacterial infections and severe alcoholic hepatitis, either alone or in combination, accounted for almost all (96-97%) cases of AD and acute-on-chronic liver failure. Whilst the type of precipitant was not associated with mortality, the number of precipitant(s) was. This study identified precipitants that are significantly associated with a distinct clinical course and prognosis of patients with AD. Specific preventive and therapeutic strategies targeting these events may improve patient outcomes. (c) 2020 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Limiting the stroke of a Schmitt trigger with multiplicative noise

We have devised an experiment whereby a bistable system is confined away from its deterministic attractors by means of multiplicative noise. Together with previous numerical results, our experimental results validate the hypothesis that the higher the slope of the noise?s multiplicative factor, the more it shifts the stationary states.Fil: Zarza, Gabriel Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas de Mar del Plata. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Mangioni, Sergio Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas de Mar del Plata. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez Acevedo, Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas de Mar del Plata. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Deza, Roberto Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas de Mar del Plata. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas de Mar del Plata; Argentin

Cost-Effective Method to Perform SARS-CoV-2 Variant Surveillance: Detection of Alpha, Gamma, Lambda, Delta, Epsilon, and Zeta in Argentina

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with concerning characteristics to public health has attracted the attention of the scientific community and governments both regionally and globally since the end of 2020. The most relevant variants described so far include: Alpha (lineage B.1.1.7), first detected in the United Kingdom; Beta (lineage B.1.351), initially detected in South Africa; Gamma (lineage P.1), initially detected in Manaus, Brazil, and Japan; Delta (lineage B.1.627.2), initially detected in India; Lambda (lineage C.37), initially detected in Peru; Mu (lineage B.1.621), first detected in Colombia; Epsilon (lineages B.1.427 and B.1.429), initially detected in California, United States; and Zeta (lineage P.2), first detected in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1). Four of these variants (Alpha to Delta) have been defined as variants of concern (VOCs) given their increased transmissibility and other characteristics, while Lambda and Mu have been defined as variants of interest (VOIs). The VOCs have also been associated with an increased risk of hospitalization (2, 3) and, in the case of Beta, Gamma, and Delta, with a moderate to a substantial reduction in neutralizing activity of monoclonal antibodies, convalescent, and vaccine sera (4–6). Gamma and Lambda are particularly relevant for Argentina due to their major presence in the South American region during the time of this study. Importantly, some of these variants share mutations in the Spike protein—several of them in the receptor-binding domain region—that potentially affect transmissibility, pathogenesis, and/or response to vaccination and immune-based therapies (7, 8). PAIS is the interinstitutional federal consortium of SARS-CoV-2 genomics in Argentina. It was created by the Ministry of Science and Technology to monitor SARS-CoV-2 diversity and evolution in the country, including surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 variants of public health interest (http://pais.qb.fcen.uba.ar/). The objective of this work was to implement a SARS-CoV-2 molecular surveillance strategy, in a context of limited resources, which allowed an assessment of the dynamic situation of circulation of viral variants, and at the same time, to perform genomic and evolutionary analyzes to study their origin and dispersion in our country.Instituto de Patología VegetalFil: Torres, Carolina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Torres, Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Mojsiejczuk, Laura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Mojsiejczuk, Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Acuña, Dolores. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Acuña, Dolores. Hospital de Niños Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez. Laboratorio de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Alexay, Sofía. Hospital de Niños Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez. Laboratorio de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Amadio, Ariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Amadio, Ariel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea; ArgentinaFil: Aulicino, Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Aulicino, Paula. Hospital de Pediatría “Prof. Juan P. Garrahan". Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Retrovirus; ArgentinaFil: Debat, Humberto Julio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Fay, Fabián. CIBIC Laboratorio; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez, Franco Daniel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Giri, Adriana A. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Giri, Adriana A. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Grupo Virología Humana; ArgentinaFil: Goya, Stephanie. Hospital de Niños Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez. Laboratorio de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Konig, Guido Alberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Konig, Guido Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Lucero, Horacio. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Instituto de Medicina Regional; ArgentinaFil: Nabaes Jodar, Mercedes. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Nabaes Jodar, Mercedes. Hospital de Niños Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez. Laboratorio de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Pianciola, Luis. Ministerio de Salud. Laboratorio Central Ciudad de Neuquén; ArgentinaFil: Sfalcin, Javier A. CIBIC Laboratorio; ArgentinaFil: Acevedo, Raúl M. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Acevedo, Raúl M. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste-CONICET. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Bengoa Luoni, Sofía Ailin. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Bengoa Luoni, Sofia Ailin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina.Fil: Bolatti, Elisa M. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Bolatti, Elisa M. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Grupo Virología Humana; ArgentinaFil: Brusés, Bettina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Instituto de Medicina Regional; ArgentinaFil: Cacciabue, Marco Polo Domingo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Cacciabue, Marco Polo Domingo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina.Fil: Casal, Pablo E. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Grupo Virología Humana; ArgentinaFil: Cerri, Agustina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Cerri, Agustina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Grupo Virología Humana; ArgentinaFil: Chouhy, Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Chouhy, Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Grupo Virología Humana; ArgentinaFil: Dus Santos, Maria Jose. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Dus Santos, Maria Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Dus Santos, Maria Jose. Universidad Nacional de Hurlingham. Laboratorio de Diagnóstico-UNIDAD COVID; ArgentinaFil: Eberhardt, María Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Eberhardt, María Florencia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez, Ailen. Ministerio de Salud. Laboratorio Central Ciudad de Neuquén; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez, Paula Del Carmen. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Biotecnología; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez, Paula Del Carmen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina.Fil: Fernández Do Porto, Darío. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Fernández Do Porto, Darío. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Cálculo; ArgentinaFil: Formichelli, Laura. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Instituto de Medicina Regional; ArgentinaFil: Gismondi, María Inés. CIBIC Laboratorio; ArgentinaFil: Gismondi, María Inés. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas; ArgentinaFil: Irazoqui, Jose Matias. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Irazoqui, Jose Matias. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea; ArgentinaFil: Lorenzini Campos, Melina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Lorenzini Campos, Melina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Instituto de Medicina Regional; ArgentinaFil: Lusso, Silvina. Hospital de Niños Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez. Laboratorio de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Marquez, Nathalie. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Muñoz Hidalgo, Marianne Graziel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Biotecnología. Unidad de Genómica; ArgentinaFil: Muñoz Hidalgo, Marianne Graziel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina.Fil: Mussin, Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Mussin, Javier. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Instituto de Medicina Regional; ArgentinaFil: Natale, Mónica. Hospital de Niños Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez. Laboratorio de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Oria, Griselda. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Instituto de Medicina Regional; ArgentinaFil: Pisano, María Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Pisano, María Belén. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba(UNC). Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Instituto de Virología “Dr. J. M. Vanella”; ArgentinaFil: Posner, Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Posner, Victoria. Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Laboratorio Mixto de Biotecnología Acuática; ArgentinaFil: Puebla, Andrea Fabiana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación Biotecnología. Unidad de Genómica; ArgentinaFil: Puebla, Andrea Fabiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; Argentina.Fil: Viegas, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Viegas, Mariana. Hospital de Niños Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez. Laboratorio de Virología; Argentin

Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and with acute-on-chronic liver failure in Europe

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Antibiotic resistance has been increasingly reported in patients with decompensated cirrhosis in single-center studies. Prospective investigations reporting broad epidemiological data are scarce. We aimed to analyze epidemiological changes in bacterial infections in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. METHODS: This was a prospective evaluation of 2 series of patients hospitalized with decompensated cirrhosis. The Canonic series included 1,146 patients from Northern, Southern and Western Europe in 2011. Data on epidemiology, clinical characteristics of bacterial infections, microbiology and empirical antibiotic schedules were assessed. A second series of 883 patients from Eastern, Southern and Western Europe was investigated between 2017-2018. RESULTS: A total of 455 patients developed 520 infections (39.7%) in the first series, with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, urinary tract infections and pneumonia the most frequent infections. Nosocomial episodes predominated in this series. Nearly half of the infections were culture-positive, of which 29.2% were caused by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). MDR strains were more frequently isolated in Northern and Western Europe. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae were the most frequent MDROs isolated in this series, although prevalence and type differed markedly among countries and centers. Antibiotic resistance was associated with poor prognosis and failure of antibiotic strategies, based on third-generation cephalosporins or quinolones. Nosocomial infection (odds ratio [OR] 2.74; p < 0.001), intensive care unit admission (OR 2.09; p = 0.02), and recent hospitalization (OR 1.93; p = 0.04) were identified as independent predictors of MDR infection. The prevalence of MDROs in the second series (392 infections/284 patients) was 23%; 38% in culture-positive infections. A mild increase in the rate of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae was observed in this series. CONCLUSIONS: MDR bacterial infections constitute a prevalent, growing and complex healthcare problem in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure across Europe, negatively impacting on prognosis. Strategies aimed at preventing the spread of antibiotic resistance in cirrhosis should be urgently evaluated. LAY SUMMARY: Infections caused by bacteria resistant to the main antibiotic families are prevalent in patients with cirrhosis. This study demonstrates that this healthcare problem is increasing and extends through all European regions. Infections caused by these difficult to treat bacteria resolve less frequently and often cause the death of the patient. The type of resistant bacteria varies markedly among different hospitals.status: publishe