Measuring access to medicines: a review of quantitative methods used in household surveys

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Medicine access is an important goal of medicine policy; however the evaluation of medicine access is a subject under conceptual and methodological development. The aim of this study was to describe quantitative methodologies to measure medicine access on household level, access expressed as paid or unpaid medicine acquisition.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Searches were carried out in electronic databases and health institutional sites; within references from retrieved papers and by contacting authors.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Nine papers were located. The methodologies of the studies presented differences in the recall period, recruitment of subjects and medicine access characterization.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The standardization of medicine access indicators and the definition of appropriate recall periods are required to evaluate different medicines and access dimensions, improving studies comparison. Besides, specific keywords must be established to allow future literature reviews about this topic.</p

Why place matters in residential care: the mediating role of place attachment in the relation between adolescents’ rights and psychological well-being

Little evidence exists on the relationship between rights’ perceptions and well-being outcomes during the adolescence, and particularly in care, as well as on the mediating role of place attachment. Young people in residential care are psychologically and socially vulnerable, showing greater difficulties than their peers do in the family. Youth’s rights fulfilment in residential care may positively affect their psychological functioning together with positive attachments to this place. A sample of 365 adolescents in residential care settings (M = 14.71, SD = 1.81) completed a set of self-reported measures, specifically, the Rights perceptions scale, the Place attachment scale and Scales of psychological well-being. Results revealed significant mediating effects of place attachment (Global scale and subscales of Friends Bonding and Place Dependence) on the relationship between Participation and Protection rights in residential care and Psychological well-being (Positive Relations with others, Personal Growth and Self-Acceptance). The positive role of rights fulfilment in residential care, specifically participation opportunities, as well as the role of youth’s attachment to the care setting are discussed based on previous evidence and theoretical assumptions. A set of practical implications is described.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Aspectos dos processos de prescrição e dispensação de medicamentos na percepção do paciente: estudo de base populacional em Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil Drug prescription and dispensing from the patient's perspective

O estudo visa avaliar aspectos da relação médico-paciente e dispensador-paciente, durante a conduta prescritiva e no ato da dispensação de medicamentos, a partir do ponto de vista dos pacientes. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base populacional realizado em Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, no qual foram utilizadas informações de 957 pessoas, sendo que 904 responderam sobre a última consulta médica; e 831, sobre a última dispensação. As informações coletadas dizem respeito às práticas desses profissionais e do comportamento do paciente, no que diz respeito às perguntas e informações formuladas para melhor direcionar a escolha e o consumo dos medicamentos. Na escolha da terapêutica, o médico falha ao não perguntar sobre alergias medicamentosas anteriores (65%) e uso de outros medicamentos (64,1%), e menospreza, na maioria das vezes, os cuidados com as possíveis reações adversas (73,3%) e interações medicamentosas (58,2%). Na dispensação do medicamento, a situação é ainda mais grave, pois ela é realizada, principalmente, pelos balconistas (57,1%). O estudo sugere a baixa qualidade no atendimento médico e farmacêutico e a apatia do paciente no processo que envolve a prescrição e dispensação de medicamentos e seu uso racional.<br>The objective of this study was to analyze aspects of the physician-patient and pharmacist-patient relationship, based on patients' opinions. It consists of community-based research performed in Fortaleza, Ceará State, Brazil, where 957 persons were interviewed; 904 answered questions about the last visit to the physician and 831 about the last visit to the pharmacy. The data reflect several aspects of medical and pharmaceutical practice and patients' attitudes towards the questions posed and information provided to guide rational use of drugs. In the therapeutic choice, physicians failed to ask their patients about hypersensitivity to drugs (65%) and use of other medication (64.1%) and ignored recommendations concerning adverse drug reactions (73.3%) and drug interactions (58.2%). The situation was even worse in hospitals, where in most cases a pharmacist's assistant was responsible for dispensing to patients (57.1%). The study suggests poor quality in the medical and pharmaceutical roles and patient apathy towards proceedings involving the prescription and receipt of drugs in pharmacies, as well as in rational use

‘Positive Education’: A Professional Learning Programme to Foster Teachers’ Resilience andWell-Being

Professional learning can make a significant contribution to teachers’ resilience and well-being. This chapter reports the implementation of a professional learning programme focused on resilience and well-being, targeting 35 inservice Portuguese teachers, mostlyworking in middle and secondary education. The ‘Positive Education’ programme was adapted from the European project ENTREE (ENhancing Teachers REsilience in Europe) and encompasses six training modules: 1—Resilience; 2—Building Relationships; 3—Emotional Well-Being; 4—Stress Management; 5—Effective Teaching; 6—Classroom Management, and an additional module named ‘Education forWell-Being’. The concepts and topics for each module will be discussed, along with the design and implementation of the strategies followed to promote a positive, collaborative and reflexive environment (e.g. wellness activities, stress relief and work–life balance). This chapter also describes the main effects of the training programme on participants, gathered through interviews at the end of the training sessions.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia -FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio