<i>Rehabilitation doxa</i> and practitioner judgment. An analysis of symbolic violence on health care provision in the Scottish prison system

This paper presents an analysis of the symbolic conditions which govern health care provision in the Scottish prison system. The paper considers the wider context of Scottish prisons, where health care provision follows a similar structure both in juvenile and adult prisons. Our intention is to provoke a debate about the doxa (Bourdieu, 1977), which underlies decision making in respect of health care in prison, in a political environment where pragmatism, allied to the ‘pathologisation’ of social policies, health and criminal justice has been a hegemonic force.<br/

Elastoplastic analysis of plane steel frames under dynamic loading

Knowledge of structural behavior is essential for designing lighter constructions without affecting their safety and quality standards. Lack of levels and characteristics of dynamic response, for example, can lead to system failure during repetitive loading application, due to the accumulation of structural damage. Thus, it becomes necessary to use more complex theories, such as nonlinear formulations, avoiding simplifications in the process of analysis/design. Plastic analysis of steel structures enhances several benefits compared to the elastic’s, because one of the most important characteristics of this material, the ductility - ability to withstand large deformations before breaking - is fully considered. This allows for force redistribution after the yielding limit of some structural member’s cross section has been achieved. This property also promotes the absorption of energy, which becomes extremely important in structures subjected to seismic excitation

Monitoring Breast Cancer Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Using Ultrasound Strain Elastography

© 2019 The Authors Strain elastography was used to monitor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in 92 patients with biopsy-proven, locally advanced breast cancer. Strain elastography data were collected before, during, and after NAC. Relative changes in tumor strain ratio (SR) were calculated over time, and responder status was classified according to tumor size changes. Statistical analyses determined the significance of changes in SR over time and between response groups. Machine learning techniques, such as a naïve Bayes classifier, were used to evaluate the performance of the SR as a marker for Miller-Payne pathological endpoints. With pathological complete response (pCR) as an endpoint, a significant difference (P < .01) in the SR was observed between response groups as early as 2 weeks into NAC. Naïve Bayes classifiers predicted pCR with a sensitivity of 84%, specificity of 85%, and area under the curve of 81% at the preoperative scan. This study demonstrates that strain elastography may be predictive of NAC response in locally advanced breast cancer as early as 2 weeks into treatment, with high sensitivity and specificity, granting it the potential to be used for active monitoring of tumor response to chemotherapy

Does relatedness influence migratory timing and behaviour in Atlantic salmon smolts?

Aggregating and moving with relatives may enable animals to increase opportunities for kin selection to occur. To gain group-living benefits, animals must coordinate their behaviour. Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, demonstrate both territoriality and schooling: the two key social behaviours performed by fish. In this investigation we compared the migratory timing and behaviour of six distinct full-sibling groups of tagged S. salar smolts with a large control sample from the same wild population. The results clearly demonstrate that the incidence of schooling and diel migratory timing is not significantly influenced by relatedness, and this adds further support to the hypothesis that S. salar smolt migration is primarily an adaptive response to environmental conditions, rather than a behaviour based solely on genetics or kin-biased behaviour. Used in conjunction with the results of two previous investigations, this is the first study to illustrate that kin discrimination among full-sibling groups of parr does not lead to kin-biased schooling in smolts. Thus, even within the same full-sibling groups, the extent of kin-biased behaviour in fish can both differ within a life history stage under varying ecological conditions and shift from one life history stage to the next

Variability of Disk Emission in Pre-Main Sequence and Related Stars IV. Investigating the Structural Changes in the Inner Disk Region of MWC 480

We present five epochs of near IR observations of the protoplanetary disk around MWC 480 (HD31648) obtained with the SpeX spectrograph on NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) between 2007 and 2013, inclusive. Using the measured line fluxes in the Pa beta and Br gamma lines, we found the mass accretion rates to be (1.43 - 2.61)x10^-8 Msun y^-1 and (1.81 - 2.41)x10^-8 Msun y^-1 respectively, but which varied by more than 50% from epoch to epoch. The spectral energy distribution (SED)reveals a variability of about 30% between 1.5 and 10 microns during this same period of time. We investigated the variability using of the continuum emission of the disk in using the Monte-Carlo Radiative Transfer Code (MCRT) HOCHUNK3D. We find that varying the height of the inner rim successfully produces a change in the NIR flux, but lowers the far IR emission to levels below all measured fluxes. Because the star exhibits bipolar flows, we utilized a structure that simulates an inner disk wind to model the variability in the near IR, without producing flux levels in the far IR that are inconsistent with existing data. For this object, variable near IR emission due to such an outflow is more consistent with the data than changing the scale height of the inner rim of the disk.Comment: 19 pages, 14 figure

Genome-wide signatures of complex introgression and adaptive evolution in the big cats.

The great cats of the genus Panthera comprise a recent radiation whose evolutionary history is poorly understood. Their rapid diversification poses challenges to resolving their phylogeny while offering opportunities to investigate the historical dynamics of adaptive divergence. We report the sequence, de novo assembly, and annotation of the jaguar (Panthera onca) genome, a novel genome sequence for the leopard (Panthera pardus), and comparative analyses encompassing all living Panthera species. Demographic reconstructions indicated that all of these species have experienced variable episodes of population decline during the Pleistocene, ultimately leading to small effective sizes in present-day genomes. We observed pervasive genealogical discordance across Panthera genomes, caused by both incomplete lineage sorting and complex patterns of historical interspecific hybridization. We identified multiple signatures of species-specific positive selection, affecting genes involved in craniofacial and limb development, protein metabolism, hypoxia, reproduction, pigmentation, and sensory perception. There was remarkable concordance in pathways enriched in genomic segments implicated in interspecies introgression and in positive selection, suggesting that these processes were connected. We tested this hypothesis by developing exome capture probes targeting ~19,000 Panthera genes and applying them to 30 wild-caught jaguars. We found at least two genes (DOCK3 and COL4A5, both related to optic nerve development) bearing significant signatures of interspecies introgression and within-species positive selection. These findings indicate that post-speciation admixture has contributed genetic material that facilitated the adaptive evolution of big cat lineages

Scaling up experimental ocean acidification and warming research: from individuals to the ecosystem

NERC UK Ocean Acidification Research Programme NE/HO1747X/1 The full text is under embargo until 17.08.1

Suppression of airway inflammation by Illicium verum and trans-anethole

_Background_ SH2 domain containing inositol-5-phosphatase (SHIP1) is an important modulator of innate and adaptive immunity. In mice, loss of SHIP1 provokes severe ileitis resembling Crohn's disease (CD), as a result of deregulated immune responses, altered cytokine production and intestinal fibrosis. Recently, SHIP1 activity was shown to be correlated to the presence of a CD-associated single nucleotide polymorphism in ATG16L1. Here, we studied SHIP1 activity and expression in an adult cohort of CD patients. _Methods_ SHIP1 activity, protein and mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from CD patients in clinical remission were determined by Malachite green assay, Western blotting an