Estudio de la mujer emprendedora: el medio rural como oportunidad

La mujer constituye un sujeto especialmente relevante para el desarrollo, no sólo económico, sino también social y cultural de las zonas rurales. Y, en este sentido, el emprendimiento rural en los últimos años ha adquirido un papel cada vez más protagonista, ya que contribuye a la modernización y sostenibilidad de estos entornos gracias a la creación de nuevas empresas que, en muchas ocasiones, implementan nuevos modelos de negocio distintos de los tradicionales. En este trabajo se examinan algunas de las características del perfil de la mujer emprendedora rural, así como sus motivaciones y sus limitaciones en el desarrollo de la actividad. En concreto, en relación con los factores que inciden en la decisión de emprender, se estudia con cierto detenimiento la importancia del capital medioambiental, especialmente puesto en relación con un fenómeno de ‘contraurbanización’ que tiene lugar en la actualidad, y que se conoce con el término ‘naturbanización’. El análisis se aborda desde la perspectiva del estudio de diversos casos reales de emprendimiento rural femenino.The woman constitutes a relevant subject on the development, not only economic but also social and cultural of rural areas. In this sense, recently the entrepreneurship has acquired an increasing leading role because it contributes to the modernization and sustainability of these environments by creating new enterprises that, on many occasions, implement new business models different than the traditional ones. In this study, some of the characteristics of the profile of rural women entrepreneurs and their motivations and limitations are discussed. Specifically, relative to the factors that influence the decision to start an entrepreneurial business, the importance of environmental capital is carefully detailed, especially as related to the phenomenon of contraurbanization which takes place today, known as "naturbanization". This study has been made by analyzing several real case studies of rural female entrepreneurship

Coordinated role of chitin-triggered immunity suppression mechanisms of Podosphaera xanthii.

Fungal pathogens are the main destructive microorganisms for terrestrial plants and pose increasing challenges for global agricultural production. Chitin is a vital building block for fungal cell walls and a widely effective inducer for plant immunity that, through chitin-triggered immunity, can defend against fungi attack. That is why the phytopathogenic fungi have developed different virulence factors that allow them to suppress the activation of this defensive response. In this study, the molecular mechanisms of chitin-triggered suppression, previously identified in the cucurbit powdery mildew Podosphaera xanthii, have been evaluated in detail. These mechanisms consist of the modification of chitin immunogenic oligomers (CDA), the binding to these oligomers (CHBE) and their degradation (EWCAs). For this, the RNA interference (RNAi) technology, which consists of the application of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) designed to suppress the expression of target genes, was used. The preliminary results obtained using this strategy significantly reduces the development of the fungus and the symptoms of powdery mildew disease in melon, suggesting that chitin signaling suppression mechanisms are essential for the development of P. xanthii. This work was supported by AEI (PDC2021-121373-C21).Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

The combined function of Podosphaera xanthii's mechanisms to suppress immunity triggered by chitin.

Fungal pathogens are the main destructive microorganisms for terrestrial plants and pose increasing challenges for global agricultural production. Chitin is a vital building block for fungal cell walls and a widely effective inducer for plant immunity. Chitin-triggered immunity is a powerful plant defense response against fungi. Therefore, phytopathogenic fungi have developed different virulence factors that allow them to suppress the activation of this defensive response. In this study, we intend to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of suppression the chitin-triggered previously identified in Podosphaera xanthii, the main causal agent of powdery mildew in cucurbits. These mechanisms consist of the modification of chitin immunogenic oligomers (CDA), the binding to these oligomers (CHBE) and their degradation (EWCAs). For this, we used RNA interference (RNAi) technology, which consists of the application of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) designed to suppress the expression of the PxCDA and PxEWCA genes, which would result in the reduction of the three mechanisms of suppression of chitin signaling mentioned above, since CDA and CHBE proteins are products of the same PxCDA gene. Application of dsRNA was carried out using leaf disc assays and infiltration of melon cotyledons. The preliminary results obtained indicate that the application of dsRNA significantly reduces the development of the fungus and the symptoms of powdery mildew disease in melon, suggesting that chitin signaling suppression mechanisms are essential for the development of P. xanthii.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Evaluación de la efectividad y seguridad de los antivirales de acción directa de primera generación en el tratamiento de la hepatitis crónica por virus C

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVOS: La introducción en la terapéutica de los antivirales de acción directa de primera generación (Telaprevir y Boceprevir) supuso un gran avance en el tratamiento de esta enfermedad. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la población de pacientes monoinfectados por VHC tratados con Telaprevir y Boceprevir que alcanzan respuesta viral sostenida, el perfil de toxicidad de la terapia así como los costes asociados al tratamiento y al manejo de los efectos adversos en nuestra población de estudio MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo de la totalidad de pacientes que recibieron tratamiento con Telaprevir o Boceprevir, atendidos en la Unidad de Pacientes Externos del Servicio de Farmacia del Hospital de Navarra. Se analizaron variables de eficacia como la respuesta viral al final del tratamiento y la respuesta viral sostenida así como variables de seguridad como la incidencia y la gravedad de los efectos secundarios y los costes asociados. RESULTADOS: Se analiza a una población total de 19 pacientes (TVR=11; BOC=8) de los que el 47,4% eran pacientes naive y 42,1% presentaban fibrosis F4. A las 12 semanas post tratamiento presentaron respuesta Viral Sostenida el 78,9% de los pacientes. Los efectos adversos más frecuentes fueron anemia, neutropenia, leucopenia, cansancio, prurito, exantema, disgeusia y molestias anorectales. En 4 pacientes fue necesaria la interrupción del tratamiento por toxicidad de la terapia. En 3 pacientes fue necesaria la asistencia de urgencia y 3 fueron hospitalizados debido a los efectos adversos. El coste de los recursos adicionales fue de 597 euros por paciente. DISCUSIÓN: La incorporación de los nuevos inhibidores de proteasa al tratamiento convencional supone un aumento de las tasas de RVS, pero también conlleva una mayor incidencia de efectos adversos dermatológicos y hematológicos. El manejo de estos EA hace necesario el empleo de recursos adicionales que incrementan el coste total de la terapia. Por lo que, el conocimiento de las reglas de parada y de los factores predictivos de respuesta pueden maximizar la eficiencia de la triple terapia y minimizar la aparición de efectos secundarios graves.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The development of protease inhibitors such as Telaprevir and Boceprevir was a breakthrough in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. The aim of the study was to analyze the population of HCV monoinfected patients treated with Boceprevir and Telaprevir reaching sustained viral response and toxicity profile of the therapy and the costs associated with the treatment and management of adverse effects in our population study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective observational study of the patients treated with Telaprevir and Boceprevir at the outpatient unit of the pharmacy service of Navarra´s Hospital. Efficacy variables as sustained viral response at the end of the treatment and viral response were analyzed. We also analyzed safety endpoints such as the incidence and severity of side effects and the associated costs. RESULTS: A population of 19 patients was analyzed (BOC=8; TVR=11), of which 47.4 % were naive patients and 42.1% had grade 4 fibrosis. At 12 weeks post treatment 78.9% of patients showed sustained viral response. The most common side effects were anemia, neutropenia, leukopenia, fatigue, itching, rash, dysgeusia and anorectal discomfort. In 4 patients treatment was interrupted due to toxicity of the therapy. In 3 patients emergency assistance was needed and other 3 were hospitalized due to adverse effects. The cost of the additional resources was 597 euros / patient. CONCLUSIONS: the incorporation of the new protease inhibitors to conventional treatment involves an increase in SVR rates, but it also carries an increased incidence of dermatologic and hematologic adverse events. The management of these adverse effects requires the use of additional resources that increase the overall cost of therapy. Therefore, knowledge of stopping rules and predictors of response can maximize the efficiency of triple therapy and minimize the occurrence of serious side effects.Máster Universitario en Investigación en Ciencias de la SaludUnibertsitate Masterra Osasun Zientzietako Ikerketa

The gene of a GPI-anchoring protein a promising new target for the control of the cucurbit powdery mildew Podosphaera xanthii.

One of the main limitations of the cucurbit crops production is the powdery mildew disease, caused by the biotrophic fungus Podosphaera xanthii. An integrated management, using several strategies, is carried to control the disease but the application of fungicides is the most effective one. The problem is that P. xanthii has been classified by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) as a pathogen with a high risk of resistance developing, in addition of the strong restrictions on the use of phytosanitary products at a European level. For this reason, new phytosanitary tools are necessary to allow a sustainable control of this devastating disease such as the use of the RNA interference (RNAi) technology. In this work, dsRNA targeting a P. xanthii gene, which encodes a protein that appears to be essential for the correct assembly of the fungal cell wall, was evaluated. Preliminary gene silencing results have shown a significant reduction of fungal development on melon plants suggesting that this gene may be a promising target for the control of powdery mildew of cucurbits. This work has been funded by AEI (PID2019-107464RB-C21).Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Use of oligonucleotides for the control of Botrytis cinerea in horticultural crops.

Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of the gray mold disease, is one of the main limiting factors of horticultural crops production worldwide, consuming up to 40% of fungicides in its control. However, this fungus has been categorized by FRAC (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee) as a phytopathogen with a high risk for fungicide resistance development, a fact that has been demonstrated in our country. In addition, and according to the "farm to fork" strategy of the recent European Green Deal, the diversity of fungicides available to growers will be reduced by 50% in 2030. For this reason, alternative control tools and molecules with fungicide activity are needed to B. cinerea control. In this study, the efficacy of emerging strategies using oligonucleotides with antifungal effect has been explored. Preliminary results, obtained in in vivo assays, have shown a significantly reduction of the fungal development, demonstrating the potential of these oligonucleotides to be novel candidates to include in the different strategies of integrated control programs of the gray mold disease. This work has been funded by: AYUDAS A LA I+D+i, EN EL ÁMBITO DEL PLAN ANDALUZ DE INVESTIGACIÓN, DESARROLLO E INNOVACIÓN (PAIDI 2020). Project code: PY20_00048Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on depression in older adults: A panel data analysis

Background: This paper investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on depression in the older population, an especially vulnerable group for which to date there is limited empirical research. Methods: We employ a panel data consisting of seven waves of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2010–2020). The breadth and depth of the data considered enabled us to control for individual fixed effects, to adjust for pre-pandemic trends in depression levels and to perform a heterogeneity analysis, depending on the intensity of the lockdown measures implemented and relevant socioeconomic characteristics. Results: We find that, following the COVID-19 pandemic, study participants reported a statistically significant increase in the depressive symptoms by around 0.7 over 8 points as measured by the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) index. The estimated coefficients were larger in November than in July, for individuals who lost their job, retired and women. Interestingly, we observed that mental health has worsened substantially relative to the pre-pandemic period across all income groups of the older population, suggesting a limited role of income as a protective mechanism for mental health. Conclusions: Our findings provide compelling evidence that depression levels amongst older adults have worsened considerably following the COVID-19 pandemic, and that factors other than income, such as social interactions, may be highly relevant for well-being in later life.Universidad de Granada/ CBU

Treating anxiety and depression of cancer survivors: Behavioral activation versus acceptance and commitment therapy

Resumen tomado de la publicaciónTratamiento de ansiedad y depresión en supervivientes de cáncer: activación conductual versus terapia de aceptación. Antecedentes: la activación conductual (AC) y la terapia de aceptación y compromiso (ACT) se plantean como tratamientos especialmente útiles para los problemas emocionales de los supervivientes de cáncer. Se evaluó y comparó la eficacia de ambas terapias aplicadas en formato grupal. Método: se analizaron los cambios pre-post tratamiento en el estado emocional y los patrones de activación/evitación de 52 supervivientes de cáncer con ansiedad y/o depresión que se asignaron aleatoriamente a tres grupos (AC/ACT/control de lista de espera). Resultados: ambas terapias fueron superiores al no tratamiento en todas las variables evaluadas. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos a favor de la ACT en deterioro social y evitación/rumia. Conclusiones: la AC y la ACT, en formato grupal, son eficaces para el tratamiento de las dificultades emocionales más prevalentes en supervivientes de cáncer. Los resultados apuntan a la activación y la evitación como mecanismos responsables de los cambios.Universidad de Oviedo. Biblioteca de Psicología; Plaza Feijoo, s/n.; 33003 Oviedo; Tel. +34985104146; Fax +34985104126; [email protected]

Activation vs. Experiential avoidance as a transdiagnostic condition of emotional distress: An empirical study

Background: From a contextual transdiagnostic approach, this study focuses on the importance of the processes of Experiential Avoidance and Activation in explaining and treating psychological problems. There exists widespread empirical evidence to suggest that the response pattern known as Experiential Avoidance, a general unwillingness to remain in contact with particular private experiences through the use of maladaptive avoidance strategies, acts as a functional dimension in various psychological problems. Activation, that is, maintaining contact with experiences/conditions of life and consequently with associated sources of reward, is a condition present in most therapeutic processes. Although a great deal of research has analyzed the relationship of the value of reward with the etiology and maintenance of psychological problems, Activation, as a transdiagnostic factor, has been studied less. The aim of this paper is to carry out an empirical study of the relationship between Activation, EA and emotional state and analyze the capacity of these two conditions to discriminate the intensity and symptomatology type in subjects with emotional distress.Methods: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Environmental Reward Observation Scale (EROS) and Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (BADS) were completed by 240 health center users.Results: Of the participants, 55% showed clinically relevant emotional distress. All cases of depression showed clinical anxiety. To discriminate between subjects without (n = 109) and with emotional distress (n = 131), analyses of the ROC curves and logistic regression analysis identified the BADS-Avoidance/Rumination followed by the EROS. To discriminate between subjects with anxiety but without depression (n = 61) and with anxiety and depression (n = 70), the most efficient scales were EROS followed by BADS-Social Impairment.Conclusion: It was shown that people with no emotional complaints maintained greater contact with life experiences and with environmental sources of reward than those with emotional distress. Response patterns showing Experiential Avoidance and a reduction in Activation responses were associated with clinical distress. A reduction in Activation was the condition which distinguished those people with the greatest distress and also the greatest comorbidity of symptoms of depression and anxiety. These data support the transdiagnostic nature of Activation and suggest greater attention should be paid to this concept

El Diccionario de autoridades (1726-1739) y el Diccionario castellano (1786-1793) de Terreros y Pando ante la recepción de las voces de especialidad

El Diccionario castellano con las voces de ciencias y artes (1786-1793) de Terreros y Pando es conocido por ser el primer repertorio lexicográfico que incorpora de manera extensa las voces de especialidad, separándose de este modo del modelo de la Academia, el Diccionario de Autoridades (1726-1739), donde el peso de las voces procedentes de las especialidades científico-técnicas es menos representativo. En este trabajo queremos comprobar la influencia real del Diccionario de Autoridades ante la recepción de voces especializadas en el Diccionario castellano, pues, aunque ambos repertorios manifiesten en sus preliminares posiciones encontradas a este respecto, no hay que olvidar la deuda contraída por el jesuita con el texto académico, que constituye su principal punto de referencia. Asimismo, queremos establecer qué campos de especialidad incrementa y privilegia Terreros en su Diccionario.This paper focuses on Diccionario castellano by Terreros. This is the first dictionary which includes technical terms in an extended way, different, in this sense, from Academia´s lexicography perspective. Th is article shows the influence of Diccionario de Autoridades in Diccionario castellano concerning the reception of scientific terms. Both dictionaries hold opposed perspectives, but the academic vocabulary is still the main source for the Terreros´s work. Finally, the paper discusses the scientific area increased and developed by Terreros in his dictionary