The road to gender mainstreaming, empowerment and responsibility in gender equality policy

Existen tres líneas estratégicas de actuación en el diseño y planificación de estas políticas por parte de la Administración General del Estado en España y la Comisión Europea, que son la transversalidad de género en las políticas públicas, la exigencia de tomar medidas que conduzcan al empoderamiento femenino y la corresponsabilidad como evolución del principio de conciliación. En este trabajo se ha tratado de conceptualizar detalladamente cada una de ellas para, en un segundo momento, describir cuál ha sido su evolución y desarrollo en la planificación política de los ejecutivos, como institución encargada de promover la igualdad de oportunidades entre mujeres y hombres y que representa, por tanto, un papel básico dentro de las políticas públicas de igualdad como actor clave en la elaboración, planificación y ejecución de las políticas de igualdadThere are three strategic lines of action in the design and planning of these policies by the Central Government in Spain and the European Commission, which are gender mainstreaming in public policies, the need for action leading to female empowerment and responsibility as an evolution of the principle of reconciliation. In this paper, we have tried to conceptualize in detail each of them to, in a second time, describe what has been its evolution and development in policy planning of the executives, as an institution responsible for promoting equal opportunities between women and men, and it represents therefore, a basic role in public policy of equality as a key player in the development, planning and implementation of equality policie

Political participation as an inclusion tool for full citizenship of women

[ES] En el artículo se hace un recorrido por los modelos teóricos de ciudadanía, interesando fundamentalmente su vinculación con la participación política e incorporando la perspectiva de género al análisis de las teorías contemporáneas sobre la noción de ciudadanía. Se sostiene que, para la reivindicación de una ciudadanía inclusiva para las mujeres, es necesario distanciarse del posicionamiento que obliga a elegir entre el reclamo de la igualdad o la diferencia, así como de las argumentaciones que separan, de manera tajante, los espacios público y privado. El concepto de ciudadanía cobra, así, su máximo sentido a partir de la participación política activa, siendo ésta una estrategia clave para eliminar las condiciones desiguales y discriminatorias hacia las mujeres en las sociedades democráticas actuales.[EN] In the article, a path of the theoretical models of citizenship is performed, fundamentally interesting their relationship with political participation and incorporating the gender perspective into the analysis of contemporary theories on the notion of citizenship. It is argued that, in order to demand inclusive citizenship for women, it is necessary to distance oneself from the position that forces one to choose between the claim of equality or difference, as well as the arguments that sharply separate public and private spaces. Thus, the concept of citizenship takes its maximum meaning from active political participation, this being a key strategy to eliminate the unequal and discriminatory conditions of women in today's democratic societies

Empoderamiento político de las mujeres: una estrategia integral para políticas públicas = Political empowerment of women: a comprehensive policy strategy for public policies

RESUMEN: La dificultad de elaborar políticas públicas capaces de integrar una estrategia de acción dirigida a la participación política y el ejercicio de una ciudadanía activa por parte de las mujeres obliga a recapacitar sobre modelos de actuación cuyo objetivo contemple al mismo tiempo la dimensión colectiva y la individual del empoderamiento político, como clave estratégica para el diseño de políticas de igualdad de género que pretendan tal finalidad. El presente trabajo ofrece una propuesta de medidas para las políticas de igualdad que, combinadas unas con otras atendiendo a la situación actual del panorama político, responden a una estrategia de acción integral para el empoderamiento político de las mujeres.ABSTRACT: The difficulty of developing public policies capable of integrating an action strategy aimed at political participation and the exercise of active citizenship by women forced to rethink models of action aimed at the same time contemplating collective and individual dimension of political empowerment as a strategic key to the design of gender equality policies that seek this purpose. This work presents a proposal of measures for equality policies, combined with each other in response to the current situation of the Spanish panorama, reflect a comprehensive action strategy for the political empowerment of women.PALABRAS CLAVE: empoderamiento; políticas; ciudadanía; participación; igualdad. KEYWORDS: empowerment; policies; citizenship; participation; equality

Analysis of mobbing from the perspective of Social Work: power and leadership as the antecedents of harassment

Introducción. Desde el Trabajo Social, con una perspectiva psicosocial, se investiga el acoso laboral (mobbing, acoso moral o acoso psicológico) en la estructura organizacional de los ayuntamientos españoles. Este punto de vista nos permite contemplar la realidad de las relaciones laborales desde una visión holística, integradora de los distintos aspectos que afectan al objeto de estudio. La prevalencia del acoso laboral en la Administración Pública española y los efectos nocivos de este problema justifican esta investigación. Dichos efectos se traducen tanto en problemas de salud para las personas afectadas como en la reducción de efectividad y productividad para las organizaciones. Se dispone de un importante volumen de datos empíricos sobre los antecedentes implicados en el proceso de acoso laboral. Sin embargo, no se han encontrado este tipo de investigaciones sobre los ayuntamientos. Existe un amplio acuerdo en las investigaciones psicosociales en señalar que factores como el poder y el liderazgo juegan un papel clave en el acoso en las relaciones laborales, considerando que el punto de partida está en el abuso de poder y, estrechamente ligado a él, determinados tipos de liderazgo. Por eso, este estudio ha analizado estos factores en la legislación actual. El objetivo es explorar sistemáticamente la configuración normativa de la estructura organizacional de los ayuntamientos, para analizar su relación con los factores involucrados en la aparición del acoso laboral, específicamente el poder y el liderazgo. Metodología. Para ello, la metodología utilizada es el Análisis de Contenido. Se analizan todas las normas que establecen la estructura organizacional del ayuntamiento, teniendo en cuenta todas las áreas en las que sus recursos humanos pueden verse afectados. Resultados. Los resultados muestran que la regulación actual de la estructura organizacional de los ayuntamientos no trata la prevención del acoso laboral en cuanto a los factores poder y liderazgo y que resulta compatible con la aparición del problema. Discusión. Se discuten las posibilidades de intervención eficaz contra el acoso en la actual estructura de la entidad. Conclusiones. Se concluye que, el tratamiento formal que se da a estos factores en la legislación que establece la organización y estructura de los ayuntamientos, permite la promoción del problema que se investiga.Introduction. A Social Work study was conducted from a psychosocial perspective, examining workplace harassment (mobbing, either moral or psychological) within the organisational structure of Spanish city councils. Such a point of view allowed us to reflect on the factual reality of labour relations adopting a holistic approach, and thus integrating the different aspects that affected the object of study. In addition, the prevalence of mobbing in the Spanish Public Administration and the harmful effects of this phenomenon justified the present study. Workplace mobbing effects eventually become inherent health problems. They affect the bullied and lower the effectiveness and productivity of their work in these local organisations. A significant volume of empirical data exists on the antecedents of workplace bullying. No studies, however, have hitherto been conducted on this topic in the context of the administrative offices of the local government. There is also a broad agreement in psychosocial research that factors such as power and leadership play critical roles in the emergence of harassment in labour relations: the starting point is considered to be power abuse and, closely linked to it, certain types of leadership misuse. Hence, this study analysed the factors mentioned above in Spain’s current legislation. The goal was to systematically explore the normative configuration of the organisational structure of municipalities and analyse its connection with the factors involved in the appearance of workplace bullying, specifically those linked to the exercise of power and leadership. Methodology. The methodology used was content analysis. The regulations establishing a city council’s organisational structure were analysed, considering all the human resources domains which could be potentially affected. Results. The results show that the current regulation of the organisational structure of city councils does not address the prevention of workplace bullying in terms of power or leadership factors, despite the latter being linked to the appearance of the problem. Discussion. The possibilities of effective intervention against mobbing in the entity’s current structure are discussed. Conclusions. To conclude, the formal treatment given to the factors exposed above within the legislation regulating the organisation and structure of city councils encourages mobbing

Active citizenship and political participation of women in Spain

En el presente trabajo se abordan, desde una perspectiva de género, algunas cuestiones claves del concepto de ciudadanía, entendiendo que éste cobra su máximo sentido desde la participación política de los/as ciudadanos/as en tanto tales. Tal posicionamiento invita a la participación de una ciudadanía activa que, además de buscar la participación en los asuntos que atañen a la comunidad de la que forma parte, contribuye a reducir las desigualdades sociales existentes en las sociedades actuales. Pero las desigualdades sociales e históricas padecidas por las mujeres dificultan su participación dentro del juego democrático, lo que se traduce en desigualdades políticas que limitan sus posibilidades de ejercer la ciudadanía en contextos democráticos, diagnóstico que se deduce tras el análisis de los datos estadísticos sobre participación política en España que se muestra.In this paper, some key issues of the concept of citizenship are approached from a gender perspective, understanding that it takes on its maximum meaning from the political participation of citizens as such. That positioning invites the participation of an active citizenship that, in addition to seek participation in matters that concern the community of which it is a part, contributes to reducing the existing social inequalities in today’s societies. But the social and historical inequalities suffered by women hinder their participation in the democratic game, with implies political inequalities that limit their possibilities of exercising citizenship in democratic contexts, a diagnosis that is deduced after the analysis of statistical data on political participation in Spain that it’s shown

Plasma endocannabinoid alterations as a link in the comorbidity of Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Over the last several years, studies have suggested a role of endocannabinoids such as 2-AG and 2-OG in the impairment of β-cell function and insulin secretion, as well as in the control of lipid and glucose metabolism in the periphery. Besides, alterations in the endocannabidiome are associated with the development of dementia. Since type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an established risk factor for late-life cognitive decline, we sought to evaluate the possible link between the alterations in plasma endocannabinoids as potential biomarkers of cognitive decline in elderly patients with T2DM. In the present study, we evaluated the plasma levels of endocannabinoids in a cohort of elder controls and patients suffering from T2DM, with either mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The cognitive performance of these patients was evaluated at the beginning of the study and their regional brain metabolic activity was assessed by PET-18FDG. We found that T2DM patients showed decreased levels of brain metabolic activity determined by PET-18FDG in the inferior parietal lobe, caudate, and thalamus, which were decreased and related to poor cognitive performance shown by both BLESSED and MMSE tests. Segregation of patients according to their cognitive status (MCI or AD) showed lower basal metabolism in the aforementioned regions, which was exacerbated in patients with AD and T2DM comorbidity. Correlation analysis showed plasma levels of the endocannabinoids 2-AG, 2-LG, and 2-OG were inversely related to brain metabolism in these areas, as well as to worse BLESSED and MMSE scores. Our results depict that plasma endocannabinoids are potential biomarkers linking the development of cognitive decline to the occurrence of T2DM.Consejería de Universidad, Investigación e Innovación, Junta de Andalucía, grant number PI21/00291. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Characterization of endosperm proteins and bread-making quality in wheat breeding lines carrying resistance genes for Mayetiola destructor and/or Heterodera avenae.

The experimental material included thirteen bread wheat-breeding lines that carry genes for resistance to M. destruc¬tor and/or H. avenae. The sources of these resistances are the wild species Ae. triuncialis and Ae. ventricosa (lines TR and H-93, respectively) (Delibes et al. 1993, 1997; Romero et al. 1998). We have determined the composition in HMW-glutenin subunits (related with bread-making quality), puroindoline proteins (related with hardness of grain), and waxy proteins (related with starch viscosity). In addition to, of prolamins by electrophoresis SDS-PAGE indicated the homogeneity of the lines

Flavonoid Intake From Cocoa-Based Products and Adiposity Parameters in Adolescents in Spain.

Cocoa-based products are a good source of flavonoids, which may have beneficial effects on metabolic health. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between flavonoids from cocoa-based products and adiposity parameters in adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 944 adolescents aged 11-14 years enrolled in the SI! Program for Secondary Schools trial in Spain with available baseline data from food frequency questionnaires and anthropometric measurements [weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and fat mass percentage (% FM) by bioimpedance analysis]. Fat mass index (FMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were obtained by dividing fat mass by height and WC by height, respectively. Body mass index (BMI), WC, and FMI for age and gender z-score were calculated. Overweight/obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 85th percentile and excess adiposity as %FM or FMI ≥ 75th percentile. WC ≥ 90th percentile and WHtR with a 0.5 threshold were considered as criteria of abdominal obesity. Multilevel mixed-effect regressions were used to evaluate the association between flavonoids from cocoa-based products and adiposity parameters. Municipalities and schools were considered random effects. Participants with a higher flavonoid intake from cocoa-based products had lower WC z-score [B = -0.04, 95% CI (-0.07; -0.01), P-for trend = 0.045] and WHtR [B = -0.01, 95% CI (-0.02; -0.01), P- for trend < 0.001]. They also had lower probability of having abdominal obesity [OR 0.66, 95% CI (0.52; 0.85), P- for trend = 0.001]. Inverse associations were observed between flavonoids from cocoa powder and BMI z-score [B = -0.08, 95% CI (-0.12; -0.05), P < 0.001], WC z-score [B = -0.06, 95% CI (-0.11; -0.02), P = 0.003], WHtR [B = -0.01, 95% CI (-0.01; -0.00), P < 0.001], %FM [B = -1.11, 95% CI (-1.48; -0.75), P < 0.001], and FMI z-score [B = -0.18, 95% CI (-0.20; -0.17), P < 0.001]. Regarding dark chocolate, an inverse association only with WC z-score [B = -0.06, 95% CI (-0.08; -0.05), P < 0.001] was found. However, no association was observed between flavonoids from milk chocolate intake and anthropometric parameters. A higher intake of flavonoids from cocoa-based products was associated with lower adiposity parameters and a lower probability of presenting abdominal obesity.The SI! Program for Secondary Schools trial was supported by the SHE Foundation, the la Caixa Foundation (LCF/PR/CE16/10700001), the Fundació la Marató de TV3 (grant number 369/C/2016), and by the funding from Idilia Foods (FBG 311240). Support was also provided by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (PID2020- 114022RB-I00), CIBEROBN from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII from the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (AEI/FEDER, UE), and Generalitat de Catalunya. JM-G was a postgraduate fellow of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of Spain at the Residencia de Estudiantes (2020– ongoing). RF-J was a recipient of grant PI19/01704 funded by the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund/European Social Fund a way to make Europe/Investing in your future. The CNIC was supported by the ISCIII, the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN), the Pro CNIC Foundation, and was a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (CEX2020-001041-S). GS-B was the recipient of grant LCF/PR/MS19/12220001 funded by la Caixa Foundation (ID 100010434). AT-R is a Serra Húnter fellow. EL-S was a FI-SDUR (EMC/3345/2020) fellowship from the Generalitat de Catalunya.S