Anomaly Detection in IoT: Methods, Techniques and Tools

[Abstract] Nowadays, the Internet of things (IoT) network, as system of interrelated computing devices with the ability to transfer data over a network, is present in many scenarios of everyday life. Understanding how traffic behaves can be done more easily if the real environment is replicated to a virtualized environment. In this paper, we propose a methodology to develop a systematic approach to dataset analysis for detecting traffic anomalies in an IoT network. The reader will become familiar with the specific techniques and tools that are used. The methodology will have five stages: definition of the scenario, injection of anomalous packages, dataset analysis, implementation of classification algorithms for anomaly detection and conclusions

Sedentary Time Accumulated in Bouts is Positively Associated with Disease Severity in Fibromyalgia: The Al-andalus Project

To examine the associations of prolonged sedentary time (ST) with disease severity in women with fibromyalgia, and to analyse the combined association of total ST and prolonged ST with the disease severity in this population. Women (n = 451; 51.3 +/- 7.6 years old) with fibromyalgia participated. Sedentary time and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were measured using triaxial accelerometry and ST was processed into 30- and 60-min bouts. Dimensions of fibromyalgia (function, overall, symptoms) and the overall disease impact were assessed with the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR). Body fat percentage was assessed using a bio-impedance analyser, and physical fitness was assessed with the Senior Fitness Tests Battery. Greater percentage of ST in 30-min bouts and 60-min bouts were associated with worse function, overall, symptoms and the overall impact of the disease (all, P 60-min bouts) presented lower overall impact compared to participants with high levels of total ST and prolonged ST (mean difference = 6.56; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.83 to 11.29, P = 0.002). Greater percentage of ST accumulated in 30- and 60-min bouts and a combination of high levels of total and prolonged ST are related to worse disease severity. Although unable to conclude on causality, results suggest it might be advisable to motivate women with fibromyalgia to break prolonged ST and reduce their total daily ST

How students use rubrics in final year projects in teacher education

Este trabajo analiza las rúbricas de uso de los estudiantes para la evaluación de los Trabajos de Fin de Grado (TFG) en la Formación del Profesorado y las percepciones de los profesores, utilizando un diseño de estudio de caso con 12 participantes. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad y un grupo focal. Los resultados muestran que las rúbricas eran públicas pero la mayoría de los estudiantes no las conocían. La mayoría de los tutores no trabajaban en ellas, por lo que los alumnos no las habían aprovechado como posible aprendizaje implicado. Los profesores creen que los estudiantes usaron las rúbricas para verificar la calidad. Por ello, los profesores proponen utilizarlos de forma formativa. Se concluye que el uso regular de las rúbricas podría utilizarse formativamente. Se proponen métodos de intervención para utilizar las rúbricas como herramientas de aprendizaje a lo largo del desarrollo del PF

Austenite grain abnormal growth in the microalloyed steel SSIVlnSiVSS and determination of driving and pinning forces

11 páginas, 14 figuras, 3 tablas.[ES] Se fabricaron varias coladas del acero 38MnSiVS5 con diferentes contenidos de titanio y aluminio, y se determinó el tamaño del grano austenítico a temperaturas comprendidas entre 900 y 1.200 °C. Se cuantificaron las fracciones de volumen de crecimiento normal y anormal, respectivamente. Los resultados muestran que el crecimiento anormal del grano austenítico ocurre independientemente de los contenidos de titanio y aluminio, debido, fundamentalmente, a la disolución parcial de los precipitados TiN. Aquellos aceros con porcentajes altos de aluminio mostraron un peor comportamiento debido a que la formación de un segundo tipo de precipitados, concretamente AIN, y su pronta disolución entre 1.000 y 1.100 °C, ocasiona un descenso drástico en las fuerzas de anclaje locales, lo que produce un crecimiento anormal más pronunciado de los granos afectados. Paralelamente, se realizó un estudio de los precipitados por Microscopía de Transmisión y de Barrido (MTB), que permitió calcular las fuerzas de anclaje de acuerdo con las expresiones de Zener y Gladman y establecer una comparación con las fuerzas impulsoras de crecimiento de grano. Dicha comparación permite explicar las diferencias encontradas entre las distintas coladas.[EN] Several castings of 38MnSiVS5 steel have been manufactured with different titanium and aluminium contents and the austenitic grain size has been determined at temperatures between 900 and 1200 °C. The volume fraction of normal and abnormal grain growth have been quantified. The results show that abnormal growth of the austenitic grain occurs irrespective of the titanium and aluminium contents, due fundamentally to the partial dissolution of TiN precipitates. The steels with high aluminium contents have presented worse behaviour due to the formation of a second type of precipitates, namely AIN, which quickly dissolve between 1000 and 1100 °C, causing a drastic decline in the local pinning forces which gives rise to more pronounced abnormal growth of the affected grains. In parallel, a study of the precipitates has been carried out by transmission and scanning microscopy, allowing the calculation of pinning forces according to Zener and Gladman expressions and the establishment of a comparison with driving forces. This comparison makes it possible to explain the differences encountered between the different castings.Los autores desean expresar su agradecimiento al Programa Europeo CECA por la financiación de los trabajos realizados en el marco del proyecto ECSC 7210 - KA/936.Peer reviewe

On the relationship between optical variability, visual saliency, and eye fixations: a computational approach

A hierarchical definition of optical variability is proposed that links physical magnitudes to visual saliency and yields a more reductionist interpretation than previous approaches. This definition is shown to be grounded on the classical efficient coding hypothesis. Moreover, we propose that a major goal of contextual adaptation mechanisms is to ensure the invariance of the behavior that the contribution of an image point to optical variability elicits in the visual system. This hypothesis and the necessary assumptions are tested through the comparison with human fixations and state-of-the-art approaches to saliency in three open access eye-tracking datasets, including one devoted to images with faces, as well as in a novel experiment using hyperspectral representations of surface reflectance. The results on faces yield a significant reduction of the potential strength of semantic influences compared to previous works. The results on hyperspectral images support the assumptions to estimate optical variability. As well, the proposed approach explains quantitative results related to a visual illusion observed for images of corners, which does not involve eye movementsS

Environmental distribution of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) in swine herds with natural infection

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the aetiological agent of PCV2-Systemic Disease (PCV2-SD) and PCV2-Subclinical Infection (PCV2-SI). PCV2 is highly resistant to environmental conditions, being able to remain in the farm environment and thus represent a risk for infection maintenance. The aim of this study was to identify, under field conditions, the possible critical points in the environment of non-vaccinated farrow-to-weaning swine farms where PCV2 could accumulate and persist. For that, environmental samples from five swine farms with PCV2-SD or PCV2-SI were taken and analysed by qPCR, including different farm areas, farm personnel and management implements. PCV2 DNA was detected in the environment of all farms (42.9% of positive samples). Overall, the PCV2-SD herd seemed to present more positive samples and higher viral loads than the PCV2-SI herds. At individual farm level, weaning areas appeared to be the most contaminated facilities. In addition, PCV2 was found at high levels in most samples from farm workers, especially work boots, suggesting that they may play a role in within-farm transmission. In addition, PCV2 was detected in areas without animals the like warehouses, offices and farm perimeter. Therefore, this study is helpful to improve measures to reduce within-farm PCV2 dissemination.This work has been funded by the European PCV2-Award 2016 sponsored by Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, GermanyS

Electricity generation by microorganisms in the sediment-water interface of an extreme acidic microcosm

The attachment of microorganisms to electrodes is of great interest for electricity generation in microbial fuel cells (MFC) or other applications in bioelectrochemical systems (BES). In this work, a microcosm of the acidic ecosystem of Río Tinto was built and graphite electrodes were introduced at different points. This allowed the study of electricity generation in the sediment/water interface and the involvement of acidophilic microorganisms as biocatalysts of the anodic and cathodic reactions in a fuel-cell configuration. Current densities and power outputs of up to 3.5 A/m2 and 0.3 W/m2 , , respectively, were measured at pH 3. Microbial analyses of the electrode surfaces showed that Acidiphilium spp., which uses organic compounds as electron donors, were the predominant biocatalysts of the anodic reactions, whereas the aerobic iron oxidizers Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum spp. were detected mainly on the cathode surface. [Int Microbiol 2011; 14(2):73-81]Peer reviewe

Acute and Time-Course Effects of Traditional and Dynamic Warm-Up Routines in Young Elite Junior Tennis Players

Despite the large number of studies that have examined the acute effects of different warm up modalities (WU) on physical performance, none of them have documented the time course of potential performance recovery in tennis players. The aim of this study was twofold: (a) to analyze and compare the acute effects of two different WU modalities (traditional WU [TWU] and dynamic WU [DWU]) on physical performance (i.e., CMJ, sprint, serve speed and accuracy) in elite junior players, as well as (b) to monitor the time course of any WU-induced changes after 30 and 60 min of simulated match-play. Twelve junior elite players completed both WUs modalities (TWU and DWU) in a counterbalanced order on separate days. In each experimental session, counter movement jump (CMJ), 20-m sprint, tennis serve speed and accuracy tests were performed before (immediately after TWU or DWU) during (30 min) and after 60 min of a simulated match play. Measures were compared via four factorial (WU intervention and time) repeated measures ANOVAs. There were main effects of WU (TWU and DWU) throughout the time for all the variables analysed. The results indicate that DWU routine led to significantly faster 20 m sprint times and higher CMJs as well as faster and more accurate tennis serves at both post warm-up and 30 min match-play testing moments in comparison with the scores reported by the TWU routine (p 75-99%). No significant intergroup differences were found at 60-min match-play testing moment in any variable (except for the 20 m sprint). Therefore, the findings of this study recommend for optimal performance in these elite tennis players, DWU routines should be performed prior to formal training and competition rather than TWU routines.SIThe authors have no support or funding to report

Adaptive interaction multi-agent systems in e-learning/e-teaching on the web

In this paper we propose to include two up-to-date separate concepts, namely social computing and usability metrics, in intelligent interaction agents to enhance a user-centred, adaptive human-computer interaction (HCI) on the Web. Social computing refers to the application of sociological understanding to the design of interactive systems. Usability metrics are software quality metrics with a long history of successful application in software engineering. We introduce preference metrics, which quantify the subjective evaluations and preferences of users, and performance metrics, which measure the actual use of working software, as suggested parameters that enable user interface adaptation. From all terms, a new user-centred and adaptive interaction multi-agent model and architecture is proposed in e-learning/e-teaching on the Web