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Dealing with the Resolubility of Evolution Algebras

Although since their introduction by Tian in 2004, evolution algebras have been the subject of a very deep study in the last years due to their numerous applications to other disciplines, this study is not easy since these algebras lack an identity that characterizes them, such as the identity of Jacobi, for Lie algebras or those of Leibniz and Malcev for those corresponding algebras. In this paper we deal with the concepts of solvability and nilpotency of these evolution algebras. Some novel results on them obtained from using the evolution operator of these algebras are given and some examples illustrating these results are also shown. The main result obtained states that an evolution algebra is solvable if and only if its structure matrix is nilpotent, which implies, in turn, that the solvability and the nilpotency indices of that algebra coincide provided the corresponding evolution operator is an endomorphism of the algebra

Undirected dependency parsing

Dependency parsers, which are widely used in natural language processing tasks, employ a representation of syntax in which the structure of sentences is expressed in the form of directed links (dependencies) between their words. In this article, we introduce a new approach to transition-based dependency parsing in which the parsing algorithm does not directly construct dependencies, but rather undirected links, which are then assigned a direction in a postprocessing step. We show that this alleviates error propagation, because undirected parsers do not need to observe the single-head constraint, resulting in better accuracy. Undirected parsers can be obtained by transforming existing directed transition-based parsers as long as they satisfy certain conditions. We apply this approach to obtain undirected variants of three different parsers (the Planar, 2-Planar, and Covington algorithms) and perform experiments on several data sets from the CoNLL-X shared tasks and on the Wall Street Journal portion of the Penn Treebank, showing that our approach is successful in reducing error propagation and produces improvements in parsing accuracy in most of the cases and achieving results competitive with state-of-the-art transition-based parsers.Xunta de Galicia | Ref. CN2012/008Xunta de Galicia | Ref. CN2012/317Xunta de Galicia | Ref. CN2012/319Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. TIN2010-18552-C03-01Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. TIN2010-18552-C03-0

Using the Evolution Operator to Classify Evolution Algebras

Evolution algebras are currently widely studied due to their importance not only “per se” but also for their many applications to different scientific disciplines, such as Physics or Engineering, for instance. This paper deals with these types of algebras and their applications. A criterion for classifying those satisfying certain conditions is given and an algorithm to obtain degenerate evolution algebras starting from those of smaller dimensions is also analyzed and constructed

Composición química de la carne de conejo silvestre (Oryctolagus cuniculus) y viabilidad de su predicción mediante espectroscopía de infrarrojo cercano

En algunos países del entorno mediterráneo existe tradición de consumo de carne de conejo silvestre procedente de la caza. Sin embargo, las características de la canal y de la carne de esta especie cinegética han sido escasamente investigadas. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron analizar la composición química de la carne de conejo silvestre (Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus) procedente del sudoeste de la Península Ibérica y estudiar la viabilidad de la puesta a punto de una metodología rápida de análisis para su determinación mediante espectroscopía de infrarrojo cercano (NIRS). La carne de conejo silvestre de la subespecie O. c. algirus contiene un 23,7% de proteína bruta, 0,2% de grasa bruta, 74,9% de humedad y 1,2% de cenizas. Esta composición difiere de la publicada para conejos domésticos y para conejos silvestres de la subespecie O. c. cuniculus, siendo más magra debido a su mayor contenido de proteína y muy inferior valor de grasa. Se obtuvieron modelos basados en la espectroscopía NIR con buena capacidad de predicción para los parámetros proteína y humedad (r2 = 0,70 y ETVC = 0,39%; y r2 = 0,73 y ETVC = 0,38%; respectivamente); mientras que las calibraciones seleccionadas para grasa y cenizas no resultaron ser aceptables.Wild rabbit meat is commonly consumed in many Mediterranean countries. However, the characteristics of the carcass and meat of this game species have been scarcely investigated. This study was aimed at analysing the chemical composition of hunted wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus) meat from Southern Iberian Peninsula, and studying the viability of a rapid analytical methodology for its determination by near infrared spectroscopy. Meat of the wild rabbit subspecies O. c. algirus has 23.7% of crude protein, 0.2% of crude fat, 74.9% of moisture and 1.2% of ash. This composition differed from the values published for domesticated rabbits and for wild rabbits of the O. c. cuniculus subspecies, it being leaner due to its higher protein content and its very lower fat content. NIR spectroscopy models obtained displayed a good predictive ability for the estimation of crude protein and moisture contents (r2 = 0.70 and SECV = 0.39%, and r2 = 0.73 and SECV = 0.38%, respectively), while the calibrations selected for crude fat and ash contents were not acceptabl

Austenite grain abnormal growth in the microalloyed steel SSIVlnSiVSS and determination of driving and pinning forces

11 páginas, 14 figuras, 3 tablas.[ES] Se fabricaron varias coladas del acero 38MnSiVS5 con diferentes contenidos de titanio y aluminio, y se determinó el tamaño del grano austenítico a temperaturas comprendidas entre 900 y 1.200 °C. Se cuantificaron las fracciones de volumen de crecimiento normal y anormal, respectivamente. Los resultados muestran que el crecimiento anormal del grano austenítico ocurre independientemente de los contenidos de titanio y aluminio, debido, fundamentalmente, a la disolución parcial de los precipitados TiN. Aquellos aceros con porcentajes altos de aluminio mostraron un peor comportamiento debido a que la formación de un segundo tipo de precipitados, concretamente AIN, y su pronta disolución entre 1.000 y 1.100 °C, ocasiona un descenso drástico en las fuerzas de anclaje locales, lo que produce un crecimiento anormal más pronunciado de los granos afectados. Paralelamente, se realizó un estudio de los precipitados por Microscopía de Transmisión y de Barrido (MTB), que permitió calcular las fuerzas de anclaje de acuerdo con las expresiones de Zener y Gladman y establecer una comparación con las fuerzas impulsoras de crecimiento de grano. Dicha comparación permite explicar las diferencias encontradas entre las distintas coladas.[EN] Several castings of 38MnSiVS5 steel have been manufactured with different titanium and aluminium contents and the austenitic grain size has been determined at temperatures between 900 and 1200 °C. The volume fraction of normal and abnormal grain growth have been quantified. The results show that abnormal growth of the austenitic grain occurs irrespective of the titanium and aluminium contents, due fundamentally to the partial dissolution of TiN precipitates. The steels with high aluminium contents have presented worse behaviour due to the formation of a second type of precipitates, namely AIN, which quickly dissolve between 1000 and 1100 °C, causing a drastic decline in the local pinning forces which gives rise to more pronounced abnormal growth of the affected grains. In parallel, a study of the precipitates has been carried out by transmission and scanning microscopy, allowing the calculation of pinning forces according to Zener and Gladman expressions and the establishment of a comparison with driving forces. This comparison makes it possible to explain the differences encountered between the different castings.Los autores desean expresar su agradecimiento al Programa Europeo CECA por la financiación de los trabajos realizados en el marco del proyecto ECSC 7210 - KA/936.Peer reviewe

Towards an integrated approach for monitoring the effects of chemical contaminants in the Spanish coastal Mediterranean waters

Oral communicationIn the past twelve years, chemical monitoring surveys in Spanish Mediterranean coastal waters have developed from the use of native mussels to an integrated sampling of native and caged mussels, fish (red mullet) and sediment. In addition, the application of biological effect measurements (using biomarkers and bioassays) in the same matrices is being gradually arising. So far, biological measurements have comprised a suite of biomarkers in fish (EROD, Ala-D and AChE activities, Metallothionein content, DNA integrity and micronuclei abnormalities) and in mussels (Stress on Stress, lysosomal membrane stability, Metallothionein content, Micronuclei frequency, AChE and antioxidant enzymes) as well as the sea urchin embryotoxicity test with Paracentrotus lividus in sediment elutriates. Most of the driving forces behind these changes came from recommendations and Standard Operation Practices provided by expert organizations as MED POL, ICES, and OSPAR, and these changes have considerably increased the costs of monitoring. However, higher costs of intensive monitoring activities will allow contributing to a more realistic assessment of the quality and health status of the marine ecosystem. For this purpose quality assurance and the development of assessment criteria for the selected methods is a prerequisite. These requirements are necessary to meet national and international obligations (EU-MSFD, EU-WFD). Here, we present and discuss the integrated chemical-biological effect approach that is currently being proposed for implementation in the Spanish Mediterranean monitoring programme 2010-2012. The selected biological measurements, the assessment criteria obtained so far and quality assurance processes are discussed in terms of feasibility.The Spanish Mediterranean Biomonitoring Programs of chemical contamination (BMCW and BMIS programs) are conducted by the Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO) under the responsibility of the Ministry of Environment (MEDPOLIEO Project in 2006 and 2-ESMARME Project in 2010-2012)

Biomonitoring strategy to assess the effects of chemical pollution along the Iberian Mediterranean Coast: Present state and future development

oral presentationSince 2001, the Oceanographic Centre of Murcia (Spanish Institute of Oceanography, IEO) started to include selected biomarkers within the chemical pollution monitoring activities conducted along the Iberian Mediterranean coast. The main objectives of this biomonitoring programme are: (1) the determination of spatial distribution and temporal trends of chemical pollution in coastal and reference areas; (2) to seek evidence of detrimental biological effects and assess them over time. Sediment samples, feral fish (Mullus barbatus) and wild mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) are analysed yearly for selected pollutants (trace metals, organochlorinated compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and selected biomarkers are measured in fish and/or mussels (EROD activity, metallothionein content, micronuclei frequency, genotoxic damages, acetylcholinesterase, stress on stress and lysosomal membrane stability). An integrated chemical-biological effect assessment approach is being conducted at four selected areas since 2006. Due to its geographical location, Spain contributes to both the CEMP and MEDPOL programmes and our future strategy will be focused to achieve the harmonization of criteria among different programmes and to meet the monitoring requirements in a cost-effective and cost-efficient way. The general strategy and methods of this biomonitoring programme together with some preliminary results and future development (use of caged mussels) are described and discussed.This Biomonitoring Programme was initially funded by the Spanish Institute of Oceanography, IEO (projects BIOMEJIMED I, BIOMEJIMED II and BIOMEJIMED III). Since November 2005 it is funded by Ministry of Environment (MEDPOLIEO project)

Mastitis modifies the biogenic amines profile in human milk, with significant changes in the presence of histamine, putrescine and spermine

Biogenic amines (BAs) are low molecular weight nitrogenous organic compounds with different biological activities. Putrescine, spermidine and spermine are essential for the development of the gut and immune system of newborns, and are all found in human milk. Little is known, however, about the role of histamine, tyramine or cadaverine in breast milk. Nor is it known whether mastitis alters the BA composition of milk. The BA profile of human milk, and the influence of mastitis on BA concentrations, were therefore investigated. Putrescine, spermidine and spermine were the main BAs detected. In mastitis-affected milk, the concentrations of putrescine, spermine and histamine were higher.This work was performed with the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (AGL2013-45431-R and AGL2013-41980P) and the GRUPIN14-137 project (which is co-financed by the Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation of the Principality of Asturias 2014-2017 and the European Regional Development Funds). M.P. was the recipient of an FPU (Programa de Formacion del Profesorado Universitario) fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport.Peer Reviewe