Des obstacles à l’exportation chez les petites et moyennes entreprises : Une proposition intégrative

L’une des questions les plus importantes abordées dans la recherche sur le commerce international est de savoir pourquoi certaines entreprises exportent plus que d’autres. Une explication fréquemment offerte par la littérature est la perception différente qu’ont les responsables de direction des obstacles ou barrières à l’exportation.Ainsi, ces 30 dernières années, dans la littérature sur l’internationalisation, l’étude des barrières à l’exportation a été abordée sans toutefois aboutir à un classement identique ; il n’existe en outre aucune homogénéité en ce qui concerne le nombre de barrières existantes, les types de barrières et leur importance relative, ni de critère uniforme pour déterminer quelles sont les barrières les plus importantes, la typologie de celles-ci ou l’échelle pouvant les englober. Nous considérons donc qu’il existe une lacune dans la recherche sur l’activité d’exportation et qu’il faut établir une échelle de barrières à l’exportation susceptible d’être extrapolée à d’autres études sur l’internationalisation.C’est pourquoi, dans le présent article, nous avons pour objectif d’effectuer une révision des principales études théoriques et empiriques existantes sur les barrières à l’exportation, de proposer un classement intégratif de celles-ci et d’étudier leur perception de manière empirique, de telle façon que ce classement puisse être universellement accepté et utilisé dans de futures études sur l’exportation.En prenant une population de 2 590 entreprises (478 réponses) et en utilisant des équations structurelles, les quatre dimensions ou facteurs de barrières à l’exportation proposés se confirment : barrières de la connaissance, des moyens, du processus et exogènes. Un certain nombre d’implications et de contributions universitaires découle des conclusions de cette étude.One of the most important issues addressed in research on international business is why certain companies export more than others. A frequent explanation in the literature is the different perceptions that company directors and managers have of obstacles or barriers to exporting.In that respect, in the last 30 years, the literature on internationalisation has studied export barriers without establishing a common classification, and with no homogeneity in terms of the number or types of existing barriers and their relative importance, nor a uniform approach to identify the most important barriers, the different types of barriers, or a scale in which they could be included. Therefore, we consider that there is a gap in research on exporting and that it is necessary to establish a scale of exporting barriers that can be extrapolated to other studies of internationalisation.Therefore, this paper seeks to review the main theoretical and empirical studies on export barriers to propose an integrative classification of such barriers, and to perform an empirical comparison of their perception so that the classification can be universally accepted and used in future studies on exports.Using a population of 2,590 companies (478 responses) and structural equations, we confirmed the four proposed dimensions or factors of export barriers, namely, knowledge, resources, procedure and exogenous barriers. The conclusions of this study offer a number of academic implications and contributions.Una de las cuestiones más importantes abordadas en la investigación sobre negocios internacionales es saber por qué unas empresas exportan más que otras. Una explicación frecuente ofrecida por la literatura es la diferente percepción por parte de los directivos de los obstáculos o barreras a la hora de exportar.En este sentido, en los últimos treinta años en la literatura sobre internacionalización se ha abordado el estudio de las barreras a la exportación sin alcanzar una clasificación coincidente, no existiendo una homogeneidad en cuanto al número de barreras existentes, los tipos de barreras y su importancia relativa, ni criterio uniforme sobre cuáles son las barreras más significativas, la tipología de las mismas, o escala que las pueda englobar. Por ello, consideramos que existe una laguna en la investigación sobre la actividad exportadora y que hace falta establecer una escala de barreras a la exportación que pueda ser extrapolable a otros estudios sobre internacionalización.Por tanto, nuestro propósito en el presente artículo es realizar una revisión de los principales estudios teóricos y empíricos existentes sobre barreras a la exportación, proponer una clasificación integradora de las mismas, y contrastar empíricamente su percepción, de manera que dicha clasificación pueda ser universalmente aceptada y utilizada en futuros estudios sobre exportación.Usando una población de 2590 empresas (478 respuestas), y utilizando ecuaciones estructurales, se confirman las cuatro dimensiones o factores de barreras a la exportación propuestos : barreras de conocimiento, de recursos, de procedimiento y exógenas. Un número de implicaciones y aportaciones académicas se derivan de las conclusiones del estudio.Eine der wichtigsten Fragen bei Studien zum internationalen Handel besteht darin, warum einige Unternehmen bessere Exportleistungen erzielen als andere. Eine Erklärung, die häufig in der Literatur erwähnt wird, ist die unterschiedliche Wahrnehmung der Unternehmensverantwortlichen bezüglich der Exporthindernisse.Die Fachliteratur zu den Exporthindernissen konnte in den letzten 30 Jahren keine übereinstimmende Einordnung erreichen. Ebenso besteht keine Homogenität über die Anzahl bestehender Hindernisse, die Art, die Bedeutung oder die Typologie der Hürden sowie über die Einstufungskriterien. Daraus schliessen wir, dass in diesem Forschungszweig eine Lücke besteht und es hilfreich sein könnte, eine Skala zur Einteilung von Hürden im Export zu entwickeln, die sich auf ähnlich ausgerichtete Studien bezieht.Aus diesem Grund nehmen wir im vorliegenden Artikel eine umfassende Überprüfung der bestehenden theoretischen und empirischen Studien zu Exporthindernissen vor, schlagen eine integrative Einstufung vor und untersuchen die Wahrnehmung dieser Analysen. Das Ziel besteht darin, eine allgemein anerkannte und universell einsetzbare Einstufung von Exporthürden für zukünftige Studien zu entwickeln.Die vier Dimensionen von Exporthindernissen konnten basierend auf einer Untersuchung bei einer Population von 2590 Unternehmen (bei 478 Antworten) und durch Verwendung von strukturellen Gleichungssystemen bestätigt werden : Mangelnde Kenntnisse, Mittel, Prozesse sowie externe Hindernisse. Aus den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen resultieren eine gewisse Anzahl von Implikationen und Beiträge für den universitären Betrieb

Agronomic iron-biofortification by activated hydrochars of spent coffee grounds

This work was supported by projects PY20_00585 and RDPTC-2018 (AT17_6096_OTRI UGR) from Andalusian Ministry of Economic Transformation, Knowledge, Industry and Universities and FEDER.Iron biofortification has been of main interest for tackling iron deficiency anemia, one of the highest prevalence among micronutrient deficiencies (hidden hunger) in developing countries. This study investigated the effect of activated spent coffee grounds (SCG) and its hydrochars at three temperatures (160 degrees C, 180 degrees C, 200 degrees C) as bio-chelates to level up the iron content of lettuce. Four bio-chelates (ASCG-Fe, AH160-Fe, AH180-Fe and AH200-Fe) were obtained by activation and Fe-functionalization. A pot trial was conducted at doses of 0.2% of the bio-chelates on lettuce with two controls: soil without biofortifying agents (control) and a commercial chelate (control-Fe). Outcomes showed no significant differences (p < 0.05) in soil properties nor in plant growth and morphology, indicating absence of phytotoxicity. All bio-chelates enhanced iron content of plants between 41% (AH200-Fe) and 150% (AH160-Fe) compared to control. The best biofortification effect performed by AH160-Fe was similar to control-Fe (169%), also in terms of soil-plant efficiency both products showed the same transfer factor of 0.07. A proportional impact (up to 150%) was seen on the contribution to the recommended daily intake (RDI). Moreover, higher contents of Mn (29%) and Cu (133%) was evidenced in lettuce with the application of ASCG-Fe and AH180-Fe. These findings suggest activated SCG hydrochars, better than SCG, at small (sub-toxic) doses can successfully achieve agronomic iron biofortification.Andalusian Ministry of Economic Transformation, Knowledge, Industry and Universities PY20_00585, RDPTC-2018 (AT17_6096_OTRI UGR)FEDE

Enhancing soft computing techniques to actively address imbalanced regression problems

This paper has been supported in part by the ERDF A way of making Europe/Health Institute Carlos III/Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (grant number PI20/00711), by the ERDF A way of making Europe/Regional Government of Andalusia/Ministry of Economic Transformation, Industry, Knowledge and Universities (grant numbers P18-RT-2248 and B-CTS-536-UGR20) and by the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/50110001103 (grant numbers PID2019-107793GB-I00 and PID2020-119478GB-I00). Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada / CBUA

A Minor Dihydropyran Apocarotenoid from Mated Cultures of Blakeslea trispora

The heterocyclic C15 apocarotenoid 1 was isolated from mated cultures of the strains F986 (+) and F921 (−) of Blakeslea trispora. This new compound formed during sexual interaction is a minor constituent of the culture media and its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic data, including 2D-NMR. A plausible biosynthetic pathway involving a double degradation of β-carotene, followed by several oxidations of the resulting monocyclofarnesane C15 fragment is proposed.This research was financed by Junta de Andalucía (Grants FQM 340, CVI 910, and P08-CVI-03901) and the Spanish Government (Grant CTQ 2010-16818, subprogram BQ)

Flipped Classroom Teaching in Organic Chemistry in the Context of CLIL

This paper proposes an experience that involves the methodological model of the flipped classroom with the introduction of foreign language teaching, to promote the acquisition of transversal and linguistic skills in three subjects of the Degree in Chemistry at the University of Huelva (Spain). This proposal includes the implementation of this methodology in different didactic units of each one of the subjects. The method is developed in 4 different phases, starting with the programming of the experience; elaboration of the teaching material for its development, based on the autonomous work of the students; to the classroom work and resolution of doubts that take place in the classroom. The implementation of this teachinglearning experience has been globally successful

Reflexión sobre la didáctica de las ciencias experimentales

A continuación se presenta el Trabajo Fin de Máster del Máster Universitario en Profesorado de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, Bachillerato, Formación Profesional y Enseñanzas de Idiomas, Artísticas y Deportivas especialidad Física y Química. Está dividido en cinco bloques principales. El primero es una introducción sobre mis motivaciones para cursar el máster. En el segundo trato de hacer una reflexión sobre el rol del docente a día de hoy y la experiencia que me ha supuesto dar clases en un centro educativo. El tercer apartado consiste en un descripción general de las competencias adquiridas en el máster. El cuarto apartado consiste en una selección de tres proyectos del máster y la relación entre ellos y finalmente termino con el apartado de las conclusiones

Las pymes españolas en Latinoamérica: barreras a la exportación

The main aim of this article is to check if the relative importance attributed to the different export barriers varies as a function of the firm’s export destination. To reach that goal, we analyzed 463 responses from a population of small and medium enterprises, through a dimensionality reduction procedure to composite factors, from a list of 26 possible individual barriers, obtained after reviewing the existing literature on export barriers. Factor analysis with Varimax rotation was used. Results for the region are compared with those to other destination markets in the European Union, Africa and the rest of the world. And the results confirm partially, the existence of differences of export barriers perceptions as a function of the firm’s export destination. Some results from individual barriers are also described.El principal objetivo de este artículo es contrastar si la importancia relativa atribuida a las diversas barreras a la exportación varía en función del destino de las exportaciones de la empresa. Para ello, se analizaron las 463 respuestas obtenidas de una población de pequeñas y medianas empresas, mediante un proceso de reducción de la dimensionalidad, con el fin de proporcionar unos factores, sobre el listado de 26 barreras individuales posibles, tras una profunda revisión de la literatura. Se utilizó un análisis de componentes principales con rotación Varimax. Posteriormente, se han comparado los resultados de Latinoamérica con aquellos obtenidos en otros mercados de destino situados en la Unión Europea, África y el resto del mundo. Y los resultados nos confirman parcialmente la existencia de diferencias en la percepción de barreras en función de los mercados mayoritarios de destino de la exportación. Además, se comentan algunos resultados de barreras a nivel individua

Las pymes españolas en Latinoamérica: barreras a la exportación

The main aim of this article is to check if the relative importance attributed to the different export barriers varies as a function of the firm’s export destination. To reach that goal, we analyzed 463 responses from a population of small and medium enterprises, through a dimensionality reduction procedure to composite factors, from a list of 26 possible individual barriers, obtained after reviewing the existing literature on export barriers. Factor analysis with Varimax rotation was used. Results for the region are compared with those to other destination markets in the European Union, Africa and the rest of the world. And the results confirm partially, the existence of differences of export barriers perceptions as a function of the firm’s export destination. Some results from individual barriers are also described.El principal objetivo de este artículo es contrastar si la importancia relativa atribuida a las diversas barreras a la exportación varía en función del destino de las exportaciones de la empresa. Para ello, se analizaron las 463 respuestas obtenidas de una población de pequeñas y medianas empresas, mediante un proceso de reducción de la dimensionalidad, con el fin de proporcionar unos factores, sobre el listado de 26 barreras individuales posibles, tras una profunda revisión de la literatura. Se utilizó un análisis de componentes principales con rotación Varimax. Posteriormente, se han comparado los resultados de Latinoamérica con aquellos obtenidos en otros mercados de destino situados en la Unión Europea, África y el resto del mundo. Y los resultados nos confirman parcialmente la existencia de diferencias en la percepción de barreras en función de los mercados mayoritarios de destino de la exportación. Además, se comentan algunos resultados de barreras a nivel individual

Hydrochars Derived from Spent Coffee Grounds as Zn Bio-Chelates for Agronomic Biofortification

Previous studies have attributed both phytotoxicity and the capacity to mobilize nutrient elements to the presence of polyphenols and melanoidins in spent coffee grounds (SCG) and SCG-hydrochars obtained through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). This work aimed to evaluate SCG and two SCG-hydrochars obtained at 160 and 200 °C that were functionalized with Zn salts (bio-chelates), to achieve the in vitro biofortification of lettuce. Two application modes were established: (1) a fixed Zn concentration of 10 mg kg−1 of soil and (2) a fixed dose of 0.5% bio-product. Soil alone (control A) and commercial chelates (control B) were used as controls. Outcomes showed that SCG-hydrochars retain the capacity to mobilize Zn compared to SCG. However, the chelating capacity was reduced (Zn: 94%) and the toxicity was significantly increased (p < 0.05) with higher temperatures of HTC (200 °C). Both fresh and dry lettuce weights were less affected at doses of 0.5% of bio-product and registered a maximum increase of 136% of Zn in the plant content. The present study approaches the possibility of using these by-products as bioinorganic fertilizers at subtoxic doses, although more research is neededPY20_00585 from FEDER and RDPTC-2018 (AT17_6096_OTRI UGR) from the Andalusia n Ministry of Economic Transformation, Knowledge, Industry and Universities

Determination of antioxidant activity of spices and their active principles by Differential Pulse Voltammetry

The anodic oxidation of mercury in the presence of hydrogen peroxide in differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used to determine the antioxidant (AO) character of radical scavengers. Hydroperoxide radical is formed at the potentials of the oxidation peak on mercury electrodes, such radical reacting with the antioxidants in different extension. The parameter C10 (antioxidant concentration at which the peak area decreases by 10%) is used to measure the scavenging activity of the individual antioxidants. To establish the scavenging activity of antioxidant mixtures as a whole, the parameter, μ10 as the reverse of V10, V10 being the volume necessary to decrease the peak area in DPV by 10%, was selected. Higher μ10 values correspond to higher scavenging activity. The studies have been extended to aqueous extracts of some species. The results may be useful in explaining the effect of spices in vitro and in vivo studies