Exhaust Flue Gas Concentration of Engines Running on Ethanol, Gasoline and Bio-oil - a Theoretical Estimate

The creation of new technologies over the last 100 years has improved the quality of human life, but the necessary chemical and industrial transformations have caused significant changes in the environment. The production of new inputs depends on the chemical processes employed and, as a consequence, must be in line with water and air treatments that are undoubtedly undermined by world technological development. Thus, the principles of physics and chemistry apply to the prediction and understanding of the release of gaseous pollutants into the environment, which come from the burning of fuels in automobiles. It also discusses the influence of aspects related to the air content fed to the engine, as well as the effect of temperature and pressure on the concentration of these pollutants

TRAUMATISMO CRANIOENCEFÁLICO – DIAGNÓSTICO, TRATAMENTO E FATORES PROGNÓSTICOS: UMA REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) continues to represent one of the main medical and public health issues worldwide, being responsible for a considerable global burden of morbidity and mortality. Objective: to analyze the diagnosis, treatment and prognostic factors of TBI. Methods: This is a bibliographic review, using articles present in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus and SciELO. Original articles and systematic reviews in English and Portuguese published between 2010 and 2024 were included, which addressed risk factors and prevention of pre eclampsia. After analysis, 24 articles were selected to prepare this bibliographic review. Results and Discussion: The most widely used and accepted classification of brain injuries is based on the degree of alertness after trauma, which is classified according to the Glasgow Coma Scale. The pre-hospital environment has a great influence on the success or worsening of the health condition of patients suffering from TBI, having been the subject of extensive studies to arrive at the best protocol that minimizes the risk of worsening and even death as much as possible. In the context of TBI, personalized rehabilitation emerges as a comprehensive and adaptive approach to optimize patient recovery. Conclusion: The analysis of determining prognostic factors highlights the importance of initial assessment of the severity of the injury, patient age, time until intervention, comorbidities, social support and adherence to treatment.  Introducción: El traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) sigue representando uno de los principales problemas médicos y de salud pública a nivel mundial, siendo responsable de una considerable carga global de morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivo: analizar el diagnóstico, tratamiento y factores pronósticos del TCE. Métodos: Se trata de una revisión bibliográfica, utilizando artículos presentes en las siguientes bases de datos: PubMed, Scopus y SciELO, se incluyeron artículos originales y revisiones sistemáticas en inglés y portugués publicados entre 2010 y 2024, que abordaron los factores de riesgo y la prevención de la preeclampsia. Luego del análisis, se seleccionaron 24 artículos para elaborar esta revisión bibliográfica. Resultados y Discusión: La clasificación de lesiones cerebrales más utilizada y aceptada se basa en el grado de alerta después del trauma, el cual se clasifica según la Escala de Coma de Glasgow. El ambiente prehospitalario tiene una gran influencia en el éxito o empeoramiento del estado de salud de los pacientes que sufren un TCE, habiendo sido objeto de extensos estudios para llegar al mejor protocolo que minimice al máximo el riesgo de empeoramiento e incluso de muerte. . En el contexto del TCE, la rehabilitación personalizada surge como un enfoque integral y adaptativo para optimizar la recuperación del paciente. Conclusión: El análisis de los factores pronósticos determinantes resalta la importancia de la valoración inicial de la gravedad de la lesión, edad del paciente, tiempo hasta la intervención, comorbilidades, apoyo social y adherencia al tratamiento.O Traumatismo Cranioencefálico (TCE) continua a representar uma das principais questões médicas e de saúde pública em todo o mundo, sendo responsável por um considerável ônus global de morbidade e mortalidade. Objetivo: analisar sobre o diagnóstico, tratamento e fatores prognósticos do TCE. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica, utilizando artigos presentes nas seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, Scopus e SciELO Foram incluídos artigos originais e revisões sistemáticas em inglês e português publicadas entre 2010 e 2024, que abordassem sobre fatores de risco e prevenção da pré-eclâmpsia. Após a análise, foram selecionados 24 artigos para a confecção dessa revisão bibliográfica. Resultados e Discussão: A classificação de lesões cerebrais mais utilizada e aceita baseia-se no grau de alerta após o trauma, que é classificado de acordo com a escala de coma de Glasgow. O ambiente pré-hospitalar exerce grande influência no sucesso ou no agravo da condição de saúde do paciente vítima de TCE, tendo sido alvo de amplos estudos para se chegar ao melhor protocolo que minimize ao máximo os riscos de piora e ate óbito. No contexto do TCE, a reabilitação personalizada surge como uma abordagem integral e adaptativa para otimizar a recuperação dos pacientes.  Conclusão: A análise dos fatores prognósticos determinantes destaca a importância da avaliação inicial da gravidade da lesão, idade do paciente, tempo até a intervenção, comorbidades, suporte social e adesão ao tratamento.Introdução: O Traumatismo Cranioencefálico (TCE) continua a representar uma das principais questões médicas e de saúde pública em todo o mundo, sendo responsável por um considerável ônus global de morbidade e mortalidade. Objetivo: analisar sobre o diagnóstico, tratamento e fatores prognósticos do TCE. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica, utilizando artigos presentes nas seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, Scopus e SciELO Foram incluídos artigos originais e revisões sistemáticas em inglês e português publicadas entre 2010 e 2024, que abordassem sobre fatores de risco e prevenção da pré-eclâmpsia. Após a análise, foram selecionados 24 artigos para a confecção dessa revisão bibliográfica. Resultados e Discussão: A classificação de lesões cerebrais mais utilizada e aceita baseia-se no grau de alerta após o trauma, que é classificado de acordo com a escala de coma de Glasgow. O ambiente pré-hospitalar exerce grande influência no sucesso ou no agravo da condição de saúde do paciente vítima de TCE, tendo sido alvo de amplos estudos para se chegar ao melhor protocolo que minimize ao máximo os riscos de piora e ate óbito. No contexto do TCE, a reabilitação personalizada surge como uma abordagem integral e adaptativa para otimizar a recuperação dos pacientes.  Conclusão: A análise dos fatores prognósticos determinantes destaca a importância da avaliação inicial da gravidade da lesão, idade do paciente, tempo até a intervenção, comorbidades, suporte social e adesão ao tratamento

Estimativa de densidade de álcoois biocombustíveis pelo segundo coeficiente da equação virial

Se estimaron los volúmenes molares o las densidades de seis alcoholes puros pertenecientes a la industria de biocombustibles para diferentes valores de temperatura dentro del rango de 280 K a 333 K utilizando un modelo desarrollado a partir de la ecuación de equilibrio de vapor líquido o la ecuación de Clausius-Clapeyron. El segundo coeficiente virial (B) se calculó a partir de los datos predictivos aplicados al modelo. Como es ampliamente conocido, las variaciones en el valor B se reflejarían en los volúmenes molares de los compuestos con resultados similares. En este trabajo, se observó que las desviaciones fueron positivas para todas las especies estudiadas y aumentaron entre los alcoholes de cadena larga de carbono. Cuando estuvo disponible, se realizó una comparación entre el volumen molar experimentaly el volumen molar predicho.Os volumes molares ou densidades de seis álcoois puros pertencentes à indústria de biocombustíveis foram estimados para diferentes valores de temperaturas dentro da faixa entre 280 K e 333 K, utilizando um modelo desenvolvido a partir da equação de equilíbrio líquido-vapor ou Equação de Clausius- Clapeyron. O segundo coeficiente virial (B) foi calculado a partir de dados preditivos aplicados ao modelo. Como  amplamente conhecido, variações no valor de B refletiriam nos volumes molares dos compostos com resultado semelhante. Neste trabalho, observou-se que os desvios foram positivos para todas as espécies estudadas e aumentaram entre os álcoois de longa cadeia de carbono. Quando disponível, foi feita uma comparação entre o volume molar experimental e o predito.The molar volumes or densities of six pure alcohols belonged to biofuel industry have been estimated for different values of temperatures within the range between 280 K and 333 K, using a model developed from vapour-liquid equilibrium equation or Clausius-Clapeyron Equation. The second virial coefficient (B) has been calculated from predictive data applied to the model. As widely known, variations in the B value would reflect in the compounds molar volumes with similar result. In this work, it was observed that the deviations were positive for all studied species, and they increased among long carbon chain alcohols. When avalaible, a comparison between experimental and predicted molar volume was done

Comparison of temporal and spatial variation of periphytic algal community in two urban lakes in Umuarama-PR (Brazil)

Water resources are very important for all living organisms, and as being of vital importance need to be preserved. Thus, many water bodies are monitored as an essential strategy for identification of possible alterations over space and time. The analyses were performed in two different hydrological conditions, and water sample and rocks were collected in two different points at each lake. The results showed higher values of Ammoniacal Nitrogen in Aratimbó Lake, mainly during dry period (Ammoniacal Nitrogen = 4.2 mgL-1) at P1. However, P2 at Tucuruvi Lake presented higher concentration of Orthophosphate (2.24 mgL-1). Total Periphyton density also demonstrated variation among the different hydrological scenarios and lakes. The Highest density was of 385.30 10³ ind.cm-2at Aratimbó Lake and 180.43 10³ ind.cm-2at Tucuruvi Lake in rainy condition. Comparing the predominance of species, In Aratimbó Lake, Chlorophyceae class was predominant at P1, while Cyanophyceae class was predominant at P2. In dry period, Bacillarophyceae class was seen as the predominant class for both of lakes and for all sampling points. Differently from Aratimbó Lake, in Tucuruvi Lake Bacillarophyceae class was predominant in both of hydrological scenarios

Characteristics of health professionals affected by Covid-19 : an integrative literature review

O objetivo do estudo consistiu em identificar as características de profissionais de saúde acometidos por Covid-19. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura guiada por seis etapas e que pesquisou cinco fontes de dados. Após o estabelecimento do fluxo de seleção do material levantado (N=5.522), determinou-se a amostra de artigos analisada (n=30). Desta, foram sintetizadas informações a respeito das características dos trabalhadores e relativas ao acometimento por Covid-19. Entre os estudos selecionados, foram compilados dados de 10.760 trabalhadores de saúde, predominantemente da equipe de enfermagem (27,3%) e médicos (13,2%). A maior parte (n=20; 66,6%) dos estudos atestou que os profissionais de saúde foram contaminados no ambiente de trabalho, principalmente hospitalar. A testagem por RT-PCR foi o principal método diagnóstico. Alguns estudos (n=16; 53,3%) relataram comorbidades prévias entre os trabalhadores. Os principais sintomas da Covid-19 nos profissionais de saúde acometidos foram: febre, tosse, fadiga e mialgia. Constataram-se características que remontam em perfil concentrado de enfermeiras e médicos contaminados no hospital. Essa realidade foi focalizada entre pesquisas transversais chinesas, italianas e estadunidenses.The objective of the study was to identify the characteristics of health professionals affected by Covid-19. It is an integrative literature review guided by six steps and which researched five data sources. After establishing the selected material flow (N=5,522), the analyzed sample of articles was determined (n=30). From this, information was summarized regarding the characteristics of the workers and related to getting sick by Covid-19. Among the selected studies, data from 10,760 health workers were compiled, predominantly nursing team (27.3%) and physicians (13.2%). Most (n=20; 66.6%) of the studies attested that health professionals were contaminated in the work environment, mainly in hospitals. RT-PCR testing was the main diagnostic method. Some studies (n=16; 53.3%) reported previous comorbidities among workers. The main symptoms of Covid-19 in affected health professionals were: fever, coughing, fatigue, and myalgia. Characteristics that go back to a concentrated profile of nurses and doctors contaminated in the hospital were found. This reality was focused on Chinese, Italian and North American cross-sectional research

Dietas para bovinos com diferentes fontes de nitrogênio e carboidratos / Cattle feed with different sources of nitrogen and carbohydrates

Objetivou-se determinar os efeitos da associação entre milho moído ou silagem de milho reidratado com ureia convencional ou de lenta liberação para os parâmetros de consumo e digestibilidade de nutrientes em bovinos de corte. Utilizou-se dois consecutivos quadrados latinos (4x4) com duração de 56 dias, representado por quatro tratamentos MMUC – milho moído + uréia comum; MMUP – milho moído + uréia protegida; SMRUC – silagem de milho reidratado + uréia comum; SMRUP – silagem de milho reidratado + uréia protegida, em quatro períodos experimentais de 14 dias cada, com quatro animais em cada delineamento experimental. Os consumos de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB) e de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos (P<0,05), no entanto houve efeito significativo (P<0,05) para os consumos de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), assim como também para a digestibilidade verdadeira da matéria seca (DVMS) e digestibilidade aparente total da PB (DapPB), da FDN (DapFDN) e FDA (DapFDA). As associações entre silagem de milho reidratado com a ureia comum ou a protegida demonstraram efetivo incremento na qualidade nutricional das dietas SMRUC e SMRUP, pois houve reduções no consumo de FDN e FDA e aumento nas digestibilidade aparente da MS, PB, FDN e FDA, o que possibilitou inferir que houve o sincronismo nutricional para as referidas dietas conforme os referidos parâmetros nutricionais

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions