Reflections from the International Criminal Court Prosecutor

Today I would like to introduce the idea of a new paradigm in international relations, which was introduced by the work of the drafters of the Rome Statute and the establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC): this idea is that of law as a global tool to contribute to the world\u27s peace and security. This idea first surfaced with the belief that the power of law has the capacity to redress the balance between the criminals who wield power and the victims who suffer at their hands. Law provides power for all regardless of their social, economic, or political status; it is the ultimate weapon that the weak have against the strong. Indeed, when implemented equally and fairly, the law sets one standard for everyone; it empowers all communities and individuals, and provides justice for all. It does not allow any individual or any segment of society to override or manipulate the order for individual gains, if it is backed by sound institutions. In the domestic context, we have created institutions such as parliament, the police, prosecutors, and courts to establish law and order. But what about the international context? How are we supposed to counter and prevent massive crimes of an international character such as genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes, like those that were committed in Darfur, Libya, or Cote d\u27Ivoire

L’influence de la valeur perçue du diplôme universitaire sur l’auto-perception de l'employabilité de l'étudiant au Bénin

In a context of scarcity of hiring, universities continue to train students so that they are employable. However, after the training, most of the students wonder about their employability. The purpose of this research is to assess the influence of the perceived value of the university degree of young students on their self-perception of employability. To achieve this, we have constituted, through a survey by WhatsApp forums, a sample of 662 volunteer students, both in public and private universities recognized by the Ministry of Higher Education of Benin. For data processing, we used structural equations that allowed us to analyze the significance of the links between our research variables. The results show that the perceived usefulness of the university degree, as well as the reputation of the university and the motivations for choosing a course strongly influences the perception of self-employability of students. Our results were compared with those of other research. We have here proven that in the context of underdeveloped countries like ours, more and more students no longer see themselves as able to find a job, based exclusively on their diplomas. They therefore prefer to reorient themselves towards activities capable of giving them financial autonomy. However, this research admits limits, particularly with regard to the choice of the sampling mode but also the mixing in terms of public and private universities. Keywords: Perceived value; University diploma ; employability; university reputation JEL Classification : M12 : M50 Paper type: Empirical research Dans un contexte de raréfaction de l’embauche, les universités continuent toujours de former les étudiants afin qu’ils soient employables. Cependant, après la formation, la majeure partie des étudiants s’interrogent sur leurs employabilités. Le but de cette recherche est d’apprécier l’influence de la valeur perçue du diplôme universitaire des jeunes étudiants sur l’auto perception de l’employabilité de ceux-ci. Pour y arriver, nous avons constitué, à travers une enquête par les foras WhatsApp, un échantillon de 662 étudiants volontaires, tant dans les universités publiques que privées reconnues par le ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur du Bénin. Pour le traitement des données, nous avons eu recours aux équations structurelles qui nous ont permis d’analyser la significativité des liens entre nos variables de recherche. Les résultats montrent que l’utilité perçue du diplôme universitaire, de même que la réputation de l’université et les motivations de choix de filière influencent fortement la perception de l’auto-employabilité des étudiants. Nos résultats ont été confrontés à ceux d’autres recherches. Nous avons ici prouvé que dans le contexte des pays sous-développés comme le nôtre, de plus en plus d’étudiants ne se voient plus capables de trouver un emploi, en se basant exclusivement sur leurs diplômes. Ils préfèrent donc se réorienter vers des activités capables de leur donner une autonomie financière. Pour autant cette recherche admet des limites notamment en ce qui concerne le choix du mode d’échantillonnage, mais aussi le mixage en termes d’Université publique et privée. Mots clés : Valeur perçue ; diplôme universitaire ; employabilité ; réputation universitaire Classification JEL: M12 : M50 Type de l’article : Article empiriqu

El enfoque de género en la política de salud reproductiva de la provincia de Buenos Aires: Formulaciones y experiencias

Este trabajo tiene por finalidad caracterizar las concepciones de género presentes en los lineamientos y en las acciones desarrolladas por los programas de salud sexual y reproductiva de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) a partir de la aprobación de la Ley Nacional 25.763 de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva en 2002 (SSyR) y de la Ley Provincial 13.066 de Salud Reproductiva y Procreación Responsable en 2003 y observar su incidencia en la promoción de derechos a la SSyR y de relaciones más equitativas a partir de la recuperación de experiencias de distintos actores (funcionarios, médicos y madres adolescentes pobres).Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

El enfoque de género en la política de salud reproductiva de la provincia de Buenos Aires: Formulaciones y experiencias

Este trabajo tiene por finalidad caracterizar las concepciones de género presentes en los lineamientos y en las acciones desarrolladas por los programas de salud sexual y reproductiva de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) a partir de la aprobación de la Ley Nacional 25.763 de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva en 2002 (SSyR) y de la Ley Provincial 13.066 de Salud Reproductiva y Procreación Responsable en 2003 y observar su incidencia en la promoción de derechos a la SSyR y de relaciones más equitativas a partir de la recuperación de experiencias de distintos actores (funcionarios, médicos y madres adolescentes pobres).Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

El enfoque de género en la política de salud reproductiva de la provincia de Buenos Aires: Formulaciones y experiencias

Este trabajo tiene por finalidad caracterizar las concepciones de género presentes en los lineamientos y en las acciones desarrolladas por los programas de salud sexual y reproductiva de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) a partir de la aprobación de la Ley Nacional 25.763 de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva en 2002 (SSyR) y de la Ley Provincial 13.066 de Salud Reproductiva y Procreación Responsable en 2003 y observar su incidencia en la promoción de derechos a la SSyR y de relaciones más equitativas a partir de la recuperación de experiencias de distintos actores (funcionarios, médicos y madres adolescentes pobres).Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Correlates of hair cortisol concentrations in disadvantaged young children

© 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Children from highly disadvantaged families tend to experience worse health, educational, and job outcomes than less disadvantaged peers. However, the mechanisms underlying these relationships remain to be explicated. In particular, few studies have investigated the relationships between the psychosocial influences that children are exposed to early in life and longer term cortisol output. This study aims to contribute to the literature by exploring how disadvantaged young children's experiences of family adversity, and parenting and family functioning, are related to their long-term cortisol levels. A sample of 60 children (26 males, mean = 4.25 years, SD = 1.68) and their mothers (mean = 34.18 years, SD = 7.11) from a low-income population took part in a single assessment. Mothers completed questionnaires on the family environment, parenting practices, and child behaviour. Children provided a hair sample for cortisol assay and anthropometric measures. A parsimonious multivariate regression model (including potential predictors identified by a selection algorithm) was used to investigate the correlates of hair cortisol concentration (HCC) in children. Higher levels of social exclusion, being male, and younger age were each associated with higher HCC. Maternal nurturing and emotion coaching were associated with lower HCC. Findings suggest that chronic stress may underlie relationships between adversity and its long-term effects and that HCC offers a promising method for examining chronic stress in children and evaluating interventions by which it can be ameliorated

Psychosocial effects of an Ebola outbreak at individual, community and international levels.

The 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone was the worst in history with over 28,000 cases and 11,000 deaths. Here we examine the psychosocial consequences of the epidemic. Ebola is a traumatic illness both in terms of symptom severity and mortality rates. Those affected are likely to experience psychological effects due to the traumatic course of the infection, fear of death and experience of witnessing others dying. Survivors can also experience psychosocial consequences due to feelings of shame or guilt (e.g. from transmitting infection to others) and stigmatization or blame from their communities. At the community level, a cyclical pattern of fear occurs, with a loss of trust in health services and stigma, resulting in disruptions of community interactions and community break down. Health systems in affected countries were severely disrupted and overstretched by the outbreak and their capacities were significantly reduced as almost 900 health-care workers were infected with Ebola and more than 500 died. The outbreak resulted in an increased need for health services, reduced quality of life and economic productivity and social system break down. It is essential that the global response to the outbreak considers both acute and long-term psychosocial needs of individuals and communities. Response efforts should involve communities to address psychosocial need, to rebuild health systems and trust and to limit stigma. The severity of this epidemic and its long-lasting repercussions should spur investment in and development of health systems

Safety and Efficacy of Adding a Single Low Dose of Primaquine to the Treatment of Adult Patients With Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Senegal, to Reduce Gametocyte Carriage: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Introduction: More information is needed about the safety of low-dose primaquine in populations where G6PD deficiency is common. Methods: Adults with Plasmodium falciparum malaria were randomized to receive 1 of 3 artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) with or without primaquine (0.25 mg/kg). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) status was determined using a rapid test. Patients were followed for 28 days to record hemoglobin concentration, adverse events, and gametocyte carriage. The primary end point was the change in Hb at day 7. Results: In sum, 274 patients were randomized, 139 received an ACT alone, and 135 received an ACT + primaquine. The mean reduction in Hb at day 7 was similar in each group, a difference in the ACT + PQ versus the ACT alone group of -0.04 g/dL (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.23, 0.31), but the effect of primaquine differed according to G6PD status. In G6PD-deficient patients the drop in Hb was 0.63 g/dL (95% CI 0.03, 1.24) greater in those who received primaquine than in those who received an ACT alone. In G6PD-normal patients, the reduction in Hb was 0.22 g/dL (95% CI -0.08, 0.52) less in those who received primaquine (interaction P = .01). One G6PD normal patient who received primaquine developed moderately severe anaemia (Hb < 8 g/dL). Dark urine was more frequent in patients who received primaquine. Primaquine was associated with a 73% (95% CI 24-90) reduction in gametocyte carriage (P = .013). Conclusion: Primaquine substantially reduced gametocyte carriage. However, the fall in Hb concentration at day 7 was greater in G6PD-deficient patients who received primaquine than in those who did not and one patient who received primaquine developed moderately severe anemia. Clinical Trial registration: PACTR201411000937373 (www.pactr.org)

Timing of the Infancy-Childhood Growth Transition in Rural Gambia.

The Karlberg model of human growth describes the infancy, childhood, and puberty (ICP) stages as continuous and overlapping, and defined by transitions driven by sequential additional effects of several endocrine factors that shape the growth trajectory and resultant adult size. Previous research has suggested that a delayed transition from the infancy to the childhood growth stage contributes to sub-optimal growth outcomes. A new method developed to analyze the structure of centile crossing in early life has emerged as a potential tool for identifying the infancy-childhood transition (ICT), through quantifying patterns of adjacent monthly weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) deviation correlations. Using this method, the infancy-childhood transition was identified as taking place at around 12 months of age in two cohorts of UK infants. Here, we apply this method to data collected as part of a longitudinal growth study in rural Gambia [the Hormonal and Epigenetic Regulators of Growth, or HERO-G study, N = 212 (F = 99, M = 113)], in order to identify the ICT and assess whether timing of this transition differs across groups based on sex or birth seasonality. We calculated Pearson correlation coefficients for adjacent monthly WAZ score deviations. Based on the patterns of change in the correlation structure over time, our results suggest that the infancy-childhood transition occurs at around 9 months of age in rural Gambian infants. This points to an accelerated ICT compared to UK infants, rather than a delayed ICT. A comparatively later transition, seen in UK infants, allows maximal extension of the high rates of growth during the infancy stage; an earlier transition as seen in Gambian infants cuts short this period of rapid growth, potentially impacting on growth outcomes in childhood while diverting energy into other processes critical to responses to acute infectious challenges. Growth in later developmental stages in this population offers an extended window for catch-up

Fatou flowers and parabolic curves

In this survey we collect the main results known up to now (July 2015) regarding possible generalizations to several complex variables of the classical Leau-Fatou flower theorem about holomorphic parabolic dynamics