Removal of Diclofenac Pharmaceutical Residues from Wastewater

As diseases worldwide and in Egypt are increasing by time, developing, and producing new medicines is massively expanding. The use of pharmaceutical compounds is rising worldwide. Diclofenac compound is used in plenty of different kinds of drugs as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug “NSAID” treating inflammation, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid. Due to excessive exposure to diclofenac -from humans and animals, large amounts are found in the water streams and the environment. Most of the conventional treatment methods is not capable of the complete removal of the diclofenac. Therefore, most of it is thrown back into the water bodies badly affecting the environment, forming a closed loop of diclofenac consumption unintentionally. The more diclofenac used, the more it can cause serious endangerments to the environment, not only aquatic life but also human beings. Therefore, the diclofenac was put on the EU Water Framework Directive watch list. Adsorption studies conducted in batch mode and continuous flow mode reactors demonstrated the ability of removal diclofenac compound from wastewater using activated carbon material. For the purpose of determining adsorption isotherms, a batch adsorption experiment has been carried out, while column design experiments were assessed through a lab scale column design including three variables: initial diclofenac concentration (3 – 20 mg/l), bed height (3.3 – 7.5 cm) and feed flow rate (3 – 6 ml/min). The research conducted that Langmuir isotherm was a better isotherm fit than Freundlich. It also proved that the higher the bed height in column experiments the higher the percentage removal of diclofenac, reaching 93% at bed height 7.5 cm. Therefore, the optimum and sustainable method to remove the diclofenac compound from its primary source -at wastewater treatment plants- is studied using activated carbon in two different operating modes to protect the environment before the contamination reaches any natural stream and causes further damage

Behavioral and Physiological Indicators of Pain During Nociceptive Procedures Among Mechanically Ventilated Patients at a University Hospital in Cairo

Critically ill mechanically ventilated patients experience significant and prolonged exposure to stressors from many sources related to injury or interventions. Pain is one of the stressors that can alter hemodynamics of such critically ill patients  Aim of the study: to assess behavioral and physiological indicators of pain during nociceptive procedures among mechanically ventilated patients. Research Design: A descriptive exploratory design was utilized. Research questions: a):What are different behavioral indicators of pain during nociceptive procedures among mechanically ventilated patients ? b):What are different physiological indicators of pain during nociceptive procedures among mechanically ventilated patients? Setting: selected intensive care units of a university hospital in Cairo. Sample: A convenience sample of 100 critically ill patients connected to mechanical ventilators. Tools of data collection: Three tools were utilized to collect data pertinent to the current study: tool 1:Mechanically ventilated patients' demographic and medical data, tool 2: Critical Care Pain Observation tool, tool 3: Physiological indicators of pain assessment tool Results:. The current study revealed that during nociceptive procedures ,patients displayed manifestations of pain such: facial expression ,body movement, compliance with ventilator and muscle tension in percentage of:(54%,58%,45%,45%) respectively. Concerning physiological indicators the current study revealed increased means of heart rate, systolic blood pressure ,MAP, diastolic blood pressure ,respiratory rate during endotracheal suction procedure (113.69±11.50,134±17.4,95.5±12.25,76.58±10.86,21.7±7.84) respectively as compared to before and after procedure with significant statically differences as(F/P=8.651/.005,2935.012/.000,2694.048/.000,201.993/.000,488.212/.00). Conclusion: Nociceptive procedures is extremely common in ICUs ,observation of critically ill patients' behavior during those procedures is crucial .Recommendations: There is a need to ensure that pain should be recognized in critical care settings for patients with communication difficulties. Ongoing monitoring of  critically ill patients vital signs during nociceptive procedures. Keywords: Mechanical ventilation, Behavioral indicators, Pain , Nociceptive procedure

Investigation of Radionuclides in Shisha Tobacco and Hazards Impact on the Egyptian Smokers

Number of Shisha smokers has been increased drastically in the last ten years among Egyptians, and smoking shisha has become routine life style not only in popular placed but also in coffee shops and adults clubs. The World Health Organisation’s (WHO) provided evidence of the potential health effects when the smokers exposed to shisha similar to a cigarette that contains nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, heavy metals and cancer- causing chemicals. Selected samples has been investigated in two profiles wet samples (profile A) and dry sample (profile B). The average value of activity concentration for 238U, 226Ra, 232Th and 40K are 40.96, 4.52, 3.88 and 398.43 Bq/kg, respectively, for wet samples. For dry samples, the average value of activity concentration for 238U, 226Ra, 232Th and 40K are 50.19, 6.82, 4.31 and 367.07 Bq/kg, respectively. It is clear that the dry samples are little bit higher than the wet samples expect 40K concentration. Furthermore, the radon concentration values for all studied samples are lower than 300 Bq/m3. The hazard parameters has been determined for two profiles of the studied samples which lower than the recommended value of worldwide

Effect of salinity and sodicity stresses on physiological response and productivity in Helianthus annuus

Soil salinity and sodicity (alkalinity) are serious land degradation issues worldwide that are predicted to increase in the future. The objective of the present study is to distinguish the effects of NaCl and Na2CO3 salinity in two concentrations on the growth, lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, membrane integrity, total lipids, yield parameters and fatty acids (FAs) composition of seeds of sunflower cultivar Sakha 53. Plant growth, LOX activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were reduced by salts stresses. On the contrary, salinity and alkalinity stress induced stimulatory effects on membrane permeability, leakage of UV-metabolites from leaves and total lipids of sunflower shoots and roots. Crop yield (plant height, head diameter, seed index and number of seeds for each head) that is known as a hallmark of plant stress was decreased by increasing concentrations of NaCl and Na2CO3 in the growth media. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) composition of salt-stressed sunflower seeds varied with different levels of NaCl and Na2CO3

perceptions of heads of families towards the requirements of child empowerment in the era of the fourth industrial revolution

تستهدف الدراسة التعرف على تصورات أرباب الأسر حول طبيعة عصر الثورة الصناعية الرابعة ومدى إدراكهم لملامحها ومخاطرها على الطفل، وحصر متطلبات التمكين الذاتي والموضوعي للطفل في عصر الثورة الصناعية الرابعة من وجهة نظر أفراد العينة، باتباع المنهج المسحي وتطبيق صحفية الاستبيان على عينة قدرها (384) مفردة من أرباب الأسر تم اختيارها بطريقة غير عشوائية، وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى أن ملامح الثورة الصناعية الرابعةـ ـ تتمثل في التجارة الإلكترونية، والاقتصاد الرقمي، والتواصل الاجتماعي عبْر المجتمع الافتراضي، كما أن الطفل قد يتعرض لمخاطر عدة منها؛ الإدمان التكنولوجي، والشعور بالإرهاق، وتغيير سلوكيات الطفل، وفقدان الثقة بالنفس، والتعرض لمشاهدة المواد الإباحية والعنف، كما يتضمن مفهوم تمكين الطفل مجموعة القدرات والمهارات التي تشتمل على قدرة الطفل على التعلم الذاتي عبْر الإنترنت، وأن أهم متطلبات تمكين الطفل ذاتياً تنمية الاتجاهات الإيجابية للطفل نحو استخدام التكنولوجيا، وتعزيز قيم الثقافة الإلكترونية ورفع وعي الطفل بمخاطر التعامل مع التكنولوجيا، وتنمية مهارات الطفل في مجال إدارة الذات والتعاون مع الآخرين. أما متطلبات تمكين الطفل موضوعياً فتشمل تسهيل امتلاك الطفل لوسائل التكنولوجيا الحديثة، وتضمين المقررات التعليمية مفاهيم الذكاء الاصطناعي والنانو تكنولوجي.The study aims to identify the perceptions of heads of families to the nature of the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the extent of their awareness of its features and risks to the child, and to identify the requirements for self- and objective empowerment, by following the survey method and applying a Questionnaire journalist sample of (384) single heads of households in the cities. distance education and the virtual teacher, and the child may be exposed to several risks, including; Technological addiction, loss of self-confidence, exposure to pornography and violence, and the concept of child empowerment includes a set of abilities and skills that include the child’s ability to self-learning via the Internet, and that the most important requirements for self-empowerment of the child are the development of positive attitudes for the child Towards the use of technology, promoting the values of electronic culture, raising the child's awareness of the risks of dealing with technology, and developing the child's skills in the field of self-management and cooperation with others. As for the requirements of objectively empowering the child, they include facilitating the child’s ownership of modern technology, and to include in educational curricula the concepts of artificial intelligence and nanotechnology

Reconstruction of Femur Length Using the Epiphysial and Diaphysial Diameters in Contemporary Egyptian Sample, with Application to Ancient Egyptians

Inferences in bioarchaeology and forensic contexts require mathematical stature estimation using long bone lengths. This study is in hand to identify predictors of femur length (FL) from epiphyseal and diaphysial width measurements that are not bound to assumptions of sex or laterality. Both standard and new measurements around dominant foramen nutricium (NF) were collected on modern femora (n=64) from Alexandria university unidentified skeletal Collection to compute linear regression models. Four equations were then validated on Ancient Egyptian sample (n=73) from Goldman’s Osteometric dataset to evaluate effect of sex subdivision on the prediction accuracy of FL and indirect stature estimation using Raxter’s formulae. Most of models reflected significant positive association r\u3e0.60) between width variables and FL. Oddly, the distance from proximal end to NF correlated weakly with FL (r=0.34). The stepwise selected equations preferred measurements around NF to midshaft where the anteroposterior diameter was included in proximal fragment model (r=0.77) and circumference in diaphyseal fragment model (r=0.62). Tested equations performed consistently on the ancient Egyptian sample. Measurements from femoral proximal fragment are more reliable predictors than distal fragment with the exception of femur neck diameter. However, distal epicondylar breadth is a better predictor of FL in females than in males. Indirect stature estimation showed a reasonable degree of accuracy in both sexes. These models can be applied successfully in Contemporary and Ancient Egyptians fragmentary remains however, due to larger size of femora from Old Kingdom sample, they would be most applicable to individuals from the following dynasties

Efektivitas Bahan Ajar Buku Panduan Pembelajaran Kebencanaan Di Kabupaten Klaten Pada Bencana Letusan Gunung Berapi Dengan Menggunakan Strategi Make A Match Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Di SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Klaten

The objectives of the reserach study are to know 1) The effective of Panduan Pembelajaran Kebencanaan di Kabupaten Klaten Book as orientation book in the learning of disaster large explosion mountain in SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Klaten. 2) To know the result of study after use Make a Match Strategy. 3) To know the relationship between material of learning on Panduan Pembelajaran Kebencanaan di Kabupaten Klaten Book with Make a Match strategy concerning result of study the students. This research is Quantitative research Experiment Research with design Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. The variable Strategy Make a Match and the material learning book of Panduan Pembelajaran Kebencanaan di Kabupaten Klaten and the content of variableis the result of the learning students. The population of the research study are a group of Exstrakurikuler Mitigasi Bencana team SMK Muhammadiyah 2 Klaten Utara are 40 students. The validitasy of instrument in the research is validitasy, realibility test in the experiment use Alpha C ronbrach. The result calculation shows 0.749. the normality of calculating data use Kolmogorov Smarnov test and Homonity test data use Levena Test. Technique analysis data use Paired Samples T-test and Anovo. Based on the result calculation shows 1) the material of learning book Panduan Pembelajaran Kebencanaan di Kabupaten Klaten effective become learning material to evidence on result total study 18 students from the 20 students on the experiment class. 2) There are different of result study after they d o experiment. The result test shows sig 0.0006 more little from 0.05 its means that strategy of Make a Match can increase the result study of the students. 3) There are not relationship between Make a Match strategy with material learning to result study of the students. Keyword : Efectivity, Make a Match, Learning Materia

Anxiety and its risk factors among non-Japanese residents living in Japan undergoing COVID-19 situation: A cross-sectional survey

Introduction In the context of collective efforts taken in Japan to control the spread of COVID-19, the state of emergency and social distancing have caused a negative impact on the mental health of all residents, including foreign communities in Japan. This study aimed to evaluate the level of anxiety and its associated factors among non-Japanese residents residing in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A web-based survey in 13 languages was conducted among non-Japanese residents living in Japan during the COVID-19 situation. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory assessed the level of anxiety–State (STAI-S) scores prorated from its six-item version. The multivariable logistic regression using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) method was performed to identify the associated factors of anxiety among participants. Results From January to March 2021, we collected 392 responses. A total of 357 valid responses were analyzed. 54.6% of participants suffered from clinically significant anxiety (CSA). In multivariable logistic model analysis, the CSA status or the high level of anxiety was associated with three factors, including having troubles/difficulties in learning or working, decreased sleep duration, and decreased overall physical health (p<0.05). Conclusion Our study suggests several possible risk factors of anxiety among non-Japanese residents living in Japan undergoing the COVID-19 pandemic, including the troubles or difficulties in learning or working, the decrease in sleep duration, and the decrease in overall physical health.Revisión por pare

Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator.Background Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P &lt; 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely