Turkey’s syrian policy under justice and development party rule after 2009

The Justice and Development Party's Syria policy has followed a volatile and pragmatic line. Prior to 2011, when the Arab Spring began in Syria, strategic cooperation was established within the framework of liberal and zero-problem policies with neighbors. When Turkey's democratic reform proposals against the opposition movements that emerged in 2011 did not realize, Turkey changed its position against the Assad regime and started to support the opposition. During this period, weapons aid was also given to the dissidents. Later, with the involvement of Russia and the USA, the balances in Syria changed and Turkey turned to defensive policies that would protect its internal and border security. In this context, military operations were carried out against Syria. However, these operations were carried out with the consensus of Russia and the USA. Although the JDP declared the Assad regime to be an enemy after 2011, it has come to the point where it is possible to negotiate with the Assad regime in the later period. This study makes a process analysis of Turkey's changing Syria policy

The state of kurdish language through public policies in Turkey after 1980

Making of public policies is a process through which the state determines relevant topics for the sake of its citizens and implements them. In Turkey, the public policies about Kurdish language after 1980 are outstanding such that the actors of coup d’état eagerly embraced the former idea of nation state which theoretically requires one common language in the borders of the given country. In parallel with this notion, the soldiers, who are the impeccable followers of Kemalist idea, put much pressure on local languages in Turkey, especially Kurdish language. They made some laws and forbade other languages than Turkish. But later, the conservative governments reigned in Turkey which had different ideas about this topic. As they got the opportunities, they made use of them so as to improve the situation for that language. The conservative governments handled this topic in the realm of freedom and human rights and created different public policies, so the adventure of Kurdish Language followed a much different track under different governments. This is a qualitative study, and the data were compiled from the related literature and evaluated accordingly

The effect of international relations on democratization of Turkey between 2002-2010 during justice and development party rule

Democratization takes place under different conditions in every country. The social structure and that of state play important roles, and there are many other internal and external factors for this process. Turkey also went through different phases for democratization processes. This is a qualitative study and formed by reviewing related literature and evaluating. It focuses on external factors between 2002 and 2010 because there was a struggle and long-lasting conflicts between secular elites and conservative democrats during this time. With the help and encouragement of European Union (EU), Justice and Development Party governments were able to eliminate the status quo inherited from 1980 military coup. Although democratization of Turkey proceeded with the effect of many different factors, the effect of international relations in this era was priceless for the governments of that time. Especially Turkey’s candidate process to membership of EU enforced conditionality by these countries. Even more the ruling party consented to democratize. Under the control of them, Turkey made a relatively smooth transition to more democratic state

Beneficial effects of melatonin and BQ-123 on the rat testis damage caused by cigarette smoke

Background/aim: Several studies have demonstrated that cigarette smoke has detrimental effects on testicular function. However, it is unknown whether melatonin or BQ-123 has beneficial effects on the rat testis damage caused by cigarette smoke. The aim of the present study was to investigate the beneficial effects of melatonin or BQ-123 on the testicular damage caused by cigarette smoke. Materials and methods: Twenty Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups: control group (n = 5), cigarette smoke group (n = 5), melatonin group (n = 5), and BQ-123 group (n = 5). At the end of 4 weeks, all the rats were sacrificed for histopathological evaluation and subsequent stereological analysis. The optical fractionator counting method, the most efficient and unbiased method, was used to estimate the total number of spermatogonia and spermatocytes. Results: All the control testes demonstrated complete spermatogenesis. There was a significant decrease in the germ cells of rats exposed to cigarette smoke for 4 weeks. After the application of melatonin or BQ-123, the total number of spermatogonia and spermatocytes in the testes was significantly higher. Conclusion: Based on these findings, melatonin and BQ-123 are able to minimize the degenerative effects of cigarette smoke by increasing the germ cell count.Gaziosmanpasa University Research FundGaziosmanpasa University [2006/19]This study was supported by Gaziosmanpasa University Research Fund Project no. 2006/19. We thank Dr Bahadir Ungor (rest in peace) for all his assistance

Evaluation of patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease: Preliminary results from the Turk-UIP study

OBJECTIVE: Differential diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is important among fibrotic interstitial lung diseases (ILD). This study aimed to evaluate the rate of IPF in patients with fibrotic ILD and to determine the clinical-laboratory features of patients with and without IPF that would provide the differential diagnosis of IPF. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included the patients with the usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern or possible UIP pattern on thorax high-resolution computed tomography, and/or UIP pattern, probable UIP or possible UIP pattern at lung biopsy according to the 2011 ATS/ERSARS/ALAT guidelines. Demographics and clinical and radiological data of the patients were recorded. All data recorded by researchers was evaluated by radiology and the clinical decision board. RESULTS: A total of 336 patients (253 men, 83 women, age 65.8 +/- 9.0 years) were evaluated. Of the patients with sufficient data for diag-nosis (n=300), the diagnosis was IPF in 121 (40.3%), unclassified idiopathic interstitial pneumonia in 50 (16.7%), combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) in 40 (13.3%), and lung involvement of connective tissue disease (CTD) in 16 (5.3%). When 29 patients with definite IPF features were added to the patients with CPFE, the total number of IPF patients reached 150 (50%). Rate of male sex (p<0.001), smoking history (p<0.001), and the presence of clubbing (p=0.001) were significantly high in patients with IPE None of the women <50 years and none of the men <50 years of age without a smoking history were diagnosed with IPE Presence of at least 1 of the symptoms suggestive of CTD, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and antinuclear antibody (FANA) positivity rates were significantly higher in the non-IPF group (p<0.001, p=0.029, p=0.009, respectively). CONCLUSION: The rate of IPF among patients with fibrotic ILD was 50%. In the differential diagnosis of IPF, sex, smoking habits, and the presence of clubbing are important. The presence of symptoms related to CTD, ESR elevation, and EANA positivity reduce the likelihood of IPF

The effects of 12 weeks volleyball tranings on physical and motoric features over 15-18 years old students

Bu çalışmanın amacı;12 haftalık Voleybol antrenmanların 15-18 yaş grubu öğrencilerin fiziksel ve motorik özellikleri üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesidir. Araştırma 2015-2016 eğitim-öğretim yılında Afyonkarahisar Fatih Anadolu Lisesinde öğrenim gören 40 öğrenci üzerinde yapıldı. 12 hafta Voleybol antrenmanı yapıldı. Haftada 2 gün (Pazartesi, Cuma) öğrencileri zorlamayacak şekilde antrenman uygulandı. Hedef kalp atım sayıları % 40-50 şiddetinde olup, Antrenman süresi 60-75 dakika arasında yapıldı. Kontrol grubuna hiçbir egzersiz yaptırılmadı ve günlük yaşamları devam etmeleri sağlandı. Araştırmaya katılan sporculara uygulanan tüm ölçümler ve testler 12 haftalık Voleybol antrenman programı başlamadan önce (ön test) ve 12 haftalık voleybol antrenman programı bittikten sonra (son test) olmak üzere iki kez yapıldı. Araştırma verilerinin analizleri SPSS istatistik paket programında yapılıp, tüm verilerin aritmetik ortalamaları ve standart sapmaları belirlenerek, ön ve son test değerlerinin arasındaki farklılıkların tespitinde, Paired Samples t-testi kullanıldı. Bu çalışmada Denek grubu ile Kontrol guruplarının ön ve son test sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde, vücut ağırlıkları, vücut kitle indeksleri, dikey sıçrama, uzun atlama, mekik çekme, şınav çekme, 30 m koşusu ve 400 m koşusu değerlerinde istatistiki açıdan ileri derecede anlamlı farklılıklar tespit edildi(p<0,01). Kontrol grubunun tüm parametrelerinde istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir farklılık tespit edilemedi. Sonuç olarak 12 haftalık voleybol antrenmanlarının dikey sıçrama, uzun atlama, mekik çekme, şınav çekme, 30 m koşusu ve 400 m koşusu gelişimini olumlu yönde etkilediği tespit edildi

Tatar Author Möhemmet Mehdiyev And Hıs Novel Named Frontovıklar (Revıew Text)

Çağdaş Tatar edebiyatının önemli isimlerinden, Abdullah Tukay Devlet Ödülü ve Tataristan Cumhuriyeti Millî Yazarı unvanı sahibi Möhemmet Mehdiyev, Tatar Türkleri tarafından sevilen ve eserleri ilgiyle okunan bir yazardır. Tatar nesrine getirdiği yeniliklerle de tanınan yazar, edebiyat bilimci ve eğitimci kimlikleriyle de Tatar içtimai hayatında birçok çalışmaya imza atmış, Tatar Türklüğüne önemli hizmetlerde bulunmuştur. Tatarların özel önem verdiği yazarlarından olan Mehdiyev'e ve onun eserlerine ait Türkiye'de bu zamana kadar yapılmış kapsamlı hiçbir inceleme bulunmamaktadır. Bu konudaki büyük bir boşluğu dolduracağı düşünülen bu tez çalışması, XX. yüzyıl Tatar edebiyatına, özellikle de Tatar romanına dair bilgi verirken, esas olarak ise dönemin önemli yazarlarından Möhemmet Mehdiyev'in biyografisi (hayatı-edebi kişiliği-eserleri) ve Frontoviklar adlı ilk romanının incelenmesi başlıklarını içermektedir. Ayrıca Türkiye Türkçesine de aktarılan romanda; Sovyetler Birliği döneminde, II. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında öğretmenlik yapan cephedekilerin ve eğitim uğruna emek harcayan Tatarların hayatlarının anlatıldığı görülür. Bu sebeple eserde sosyolojik ve tarihî unsurlar yoğun bir şekilde yer alır. Hem siyasi hem de toplumsal sonuçlar barındıran roman, edebiyat sosyolojisi araştırmaları için bize birçok veri sunar ve günümüz okuyucusuna dönemin sosyal ve siyasi atmosferini anlama imkânı tanırOne of the important names for contemporary Tatar literature, who has Gabdulla Tukay Governmental Award and the title National Author of Tatarstan Republic, Möhemmet Mehdiyev is a author, whose the works are loved and readed interestedly by Tatar Turks. The writer that also known with the innovations brought by him to Tatar prose, has undertaken several studies in Tatar social life with own litterateur and educator identities, and has made significant service for Tatar Turks. So far there is no any comprehensive study in Turkey on Mehdiyev that has particular attention of Tatars and on his works. This work that will fill a large gap in this issue includes the following titles: information about the Tatar literature and the novel of 20th century, Möhemmet Mehdiyev's biography (his life, literary personality and works) and the review of the first novel of him Frontoviklar. In the novel also translated to Turkish is told the life stories of the Tatars working as a teacher during the Soviet Union after World War II. Therefore sociological and historical factors take place intensively in the novel. The novel contains both political and social consequences, gives us a lot of data for the researches on sociology of literature and allows to understand the social and political atmosphere of the period to contemporary readers

The Effects of 12 Weeks Volleyball Tranings on Physical and Motoric Features Over 15-18 Years Old Students

Bu çalışmanın amacı;12 haftalık Voleybol antrenmanların 15-18 yaş grubu öğrencilerin fiziksel ve motorik özellikleri üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesidir. Araştırma 2015-2016 eğitim-öğretim yılında Afyonkarahisar Fatih Anadolu Lisesinde öğrenim gören 40 öğrenci üzerinde yapıldı. 12 hafta Voleybol antrenmanı yapıldı. Haftada 2 gün (Pazartesi, Cuma) öğrencileri zorlamayacak şekilde antrenman uygulandı. Hedef kalp atım sayıları % 40-50 şiddetinde olup, Antrenman süresi 60-75 dakika arasında yapıldı. Kontrol grubuna hiçbir egzersiz yaptırılmadı ve günlük yaşamları devam etmeleri sağlandı. Araştırmaya katılan sporculara uygulanan tüm ölçümler ve testler 12 haftalık Voleybol antrenman programı başlamadan önce (ön test) ve 12 haftalık voleybol antrenman programı bittikten sonra (son test) olmak üzere iki kez yapıldı. Araştırma verilerinin analizleri SPSS istatistik paket programında yapılıp, tüm verilerin aritmetik ortalamaları ve standart sapmaları belirlenerek, ön ve son test değerlerinin arasındaki farklılıkların tespitinde, Paired Samples t-testi kullanıldı. Bu çalışmada Denek grubu ile Kontrol guruplarının ön ve son test sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde, vücut ağırlıkları, vücut kitle indeksleri, dikey sıçrama, uzun atlama, mekik çekme, şınav çekme, 30 m koşusu ve 400 m koşusu değerlerinde istatistiki açıdan ileri derecede anlamlı farklılıklar tespit edildi(p<0,01). Kontrol grubunun tüm parametrelerinde istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir farklılık tespit edilemedi. Sonuç olarak 12 haftalık voleybol antrenmanlarının dikey sıçrama, uzun atlama, mekik çekme, şınav çekme, 30 m koşusu ve 400 m koşusu gelişimini olumlu yönde etkilediği tespit edildi.Kabul Onay Sayfası……………………………………………………………….….ii Teşekkür………………….…………………………………………..…………...…iii İçindekiler…….…………………………………………………………………..…iv Simgeler Ve Kısaltmalar…..……..….………………………………………...…….vii Tablolar……………………………………………………………..……….....…..viii … 1-GİRİŞ………………………………….….……………..……….………...………1 2-GENEL BİLGİLER………………..………...………………………..…....….…2 2-1.Voleybolun Tanımı ve Genel Özellikleri….…………………………...…..….....2 2.2. Voleybolun Tarihi Gelişimi…………………………..………………….………4 2.3. Antrenman Tanımı……………………………..….…...……………………...…5 2.4. Motorik Özellikler………………………..…..…….……...…………….....…....6 2.4.1. Kuvvet...……………………………………………………………….….……6 2.4.2. Kuvvet Türleri…...……………………………………..…..…………………..7 2.4.2.1. Genel Kuvvet….…………………..…….....................................………..….7 2.4.2.2. Özel Kuvvet….……………………….…………………………..….…...….7 2.4.3. Kuvvetin Sınıflandırılması…..……….….…………………………..….……...8 2.4.3.1. Maksimal Kuvvet…..……………………………………..………...……..…9 2.4.3.2. Çabuk Kuvvet…………………………………………………...……….…..9 2.4.3.3. Kuvvette Devamlılık……...…………………………………….….……..….9 2.4.4. Kuvvet Antrenman Metotları………...……………….........................………10 2.4.4.1. Piramidal Metot…............……………..…………………………....…...…11 2.4.4.2. İstasyon Çalışması…….……………...…….…………………………...….11 2.4.4.3. Süre Metodu…..…………………………….………………………..…..…12 2.4.4.4. Tekrar Metodu……………………………..………………………...…..…12 2.4.4.5. Dalgasal Metot……………………………………………...…...………….12 2.4.4.6. Seri Metot………………………………………………...……….…….…..13 2.4.5. Sürat………………………………….............................………………….…13 2.4.5.1. Sürat Çeşitleri…………………………….………………………………....14 2.4.5.1.1. Genel Sürat……………………......................................................…..…..14 2.4.5.1.2. Özel Sürat…………………………..……………………………………..14 2.4.5.2. Süratin Türleri………………………………………………..…………..…15 2.4.5.2.1. Reaksiyon Sürati……………….………………………………….....…...15 2.4.5.2.2. İvmelenme…………….………………………………………....…….….15 2.4.5.2.3. Maksimal Sürat………………………………………..…..……...........…16 2.4.5.2.4. Süratte Devamlılık…………….…………………………………....….....16 2.5. Kas Kasılması……………..…………..………….………………………….…17 2.6. Kasılma Tipleri………………….....….……………….…………………….…17 2.6.1. Tek Kasılmalar…………………….…..........................………………...…....17 2.6.1.1. İzometrik Kasılma…………………………………………….…......…...…18 2.6.2.2 Konsantrik (izotonik) Kasılma………………………………….….…..…...18 2.6.2.3. Eksantrik Kasılma…………………….………………………..…..….…...18 2.6.2.4. İzokinetik Kasılma………………………………………………..………...18 2.6.2. Tetanik ve Oksotonik Kasılmalar…….…………………………...…...……..19 2.6.2.1. Tetanik Kasılma…………………………………………..….....………….19 2.6.2.2. Oksotonik Kasılma………..………………………..……...…….……..…..19 … 3.MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM………………...….…………..…………………...20 4.BULGULAR..……………………………..……………...……………………....22 5.TARTIŞMA SONUÇ…..……………………………………..………………….27 … ÖZET………………...……………………………………………..…………….....33 SUMMARY.………………………………………………………………..…….…35 … 6.KAYNAKLAR.……………………………..………………...……...…………..37 7.ÖZGEÇMİŞ……………………………………………….………...……...…….4