TUBERCULOSIS AND BCG VACCINE - A REVIEW

Introduction: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a Non-moving bacillus that lacks spore and acid fast. This bacterium produces a unique compound called mycolic acid in its wall affecting the performance of the wall. The vascular wall of this bacterium offers unique properties such as hydrophobicity, having acid fast, acid resistance, openness, dryness and many antibiotics. Methods: In this review article, the databases Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were thoroughly searched to identify the studies investigating Tuberculosis and BCG vaccine. In this review, the papers published until early January 2017 that was conducted to study the Tuberculosis and BCG vaccine were selected. In searching for the articles, those English papers were selected that had investigated Tuberculosis and BCG vaccine and its complications. Findings : The awareness of this dangerous complication, its underlying causes, and the clinical features of this disease, and paying due attention to this complication while examining infants who are taken to the doctor for the magnitude of lymph nodes adjacent to the inoculation region is of great importance for all doctors specially pediatricians. Conclusion and Discussion: For this reason, the doctors need to be aware of the dangerous, yet less prevalent, complications of BCG vaccine. When they are examining the infants, they need to conduct complete examination and examine cervical and adjacent lymph node. They should also give due attention to hepatosplenomegaly, since when there are cases of hepatosplenomegaly, the patient needs to undergo further examination for the BCG infection. Key words: Tuberculosis, BCG, vaccin

Evaluation of Antibacterial Activities of Zataria multiflora Boiss Nanoemultion on Escherichia coli and Estaphylococcus aureus

Introduction: Zataria multiflora Boiss, a member of Labiatea family, grows in countries such as Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran. The previous studies have been reported that Zataria multiflora Essenital Oil (ZEO) showed medical applications. In this study we have investigated the antimicrobial activity of ZEO nanoemulsion (ZEN) formulations on Escherichia coli and Estaphylococcus aureus. ZEN has been investigated as a potential strategy for improving their utilization stability and efficacy. To the best of our knowledge there is no previous study about antimicrobial effect of ZEO as a nanoemulsion in the literature. Methods and Results: ZEN was prepared by high energy emulsification method. Distilled water was added dropwise into ZEO, surfactant and Oleic acid as oil phase while stirring. The prepared emulsion was sonicated by probe sonicator to obtain the appropriate size. Nanoemulsion size was evaluated by Malvern nano sizer. Thermodynamic stability tests were performed to select stable nanoemulsion formulations. ZEN were subjected to centrifugation. Then the stable formulations on centrifugation were subjected to heating-cooling and freeze-thaw cycles. Antimicrobial activities were evaluated by well-plate and microtiter methods. The selected ZEN formulation droplet size and PDI were found 73.58 ± 10.59 and 0.350 ± 0.077 nm respectively. Stability tests showed appropriate thermodynamic stability. Antibacterial activity showed that nanoemulsion of ZEO exhibited high antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Estaphylococcus aureus. Conclusions: The enhanced stability and efficacy of ZEN described in the current investigation may have different industrial or medical applications. For instance they can be used as antibacterial medicines for vaginitis. They could also be used in food preservation as a biodegradable coating films

Enhancing Autobiographical Memories through Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Training: An Intervention for Depression Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: The coronavirus [coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)] pandemic has introduced extraordinary life changes and stress, particularly in adolescents and young adults. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy group training on improving autobiographical memories in adolescents with depression during Covid-19.Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental study and a pre-test, post-test with a control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all adolescent females with depression in the education of the 13th district of Tehran in 1400. The sampling process applied in this study was purposeful. Regular random sampling from among 240 female students in junior high school, 40 people (20 in the experimental group and 20 in the control group) were selected according to the depression score. The Autobiographical Memories test and Beck Depression Inventory were performed as a pre-test on the participants, then the experimental group received 8 sessions of mindfulness group training intervention and at the end of sessions, the research tool as a post-test was administered on both groups. Data were analyzed by SPSS-20 software using analysis of covariance. The significant level was set at 0.05.Results: Based on the results, the implementation of the independent variable on improving episodic memory dimension (Pvalue<0.001, F=12.430 (24 and 1) and semantic dimension (Pvalue<0.001, F=11.134 (24 and 1) in adolescents with depression was effective. Therefore, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy group training has been effective in strengthening episodic memory and semantic dimension in adolescents with depression.Conclusions: The result of the study showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy had a significant effect to improve episodic memory in adolescents with depression during the COVID-19. Therefore, this study suggests that therapists use this approach properly to reduce depression.Keywords: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy group, Autobiographical memories, Adolescents, Depression

Relationship among plasma adipokines, insulin and androgens level as well as biochemical glycemic and lipidemic markers with incidence of PCOS in women with normal BMI

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder in women. Omentin-1 and vaspin are secretary adipokines that are produced by the visceral adipose tissue. These levels change in obese women with PCOS. The aim of this study is to investigate whether omentin and vaspin levels change in nonobese PCOS subjects. This study is a cross-sectional case control study in which 39 women with PCOS were picked out for this study. The inclusion criteria were based on the Rotterdam 2003 diagnostic criteria. The control group consisted of 39 women with normal pelvic sonographic reports having regular menstruation and showing no signs of infertility. The fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglyceride (TG), Chol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), insulin, testosterone, omentin and vaspin were measured by the enzymatic methods. The differences within these groups were calculated by the un-paired t-test and the Mann–Whitney test. The results from this study show a significant increase in the amount of insulin, testosterone, homeostasis model assessments for insulin resistance, TG and lower HDL in the patient group. No significant differences were seen in omentin, vaspin, FPG, Cho, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, Cr and homeostasis model assessments for B cell function levels between groups. Results show that PCOS is not a determinant of decreased omentin and vaspin plasma levels and those high androgen level and insulin resistances are warning signs of PCOS

Bleeding Reduction by Acupuncture in Rhinoplasty: A Triple-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Bloodless surgical field obtained by controlled hypotension reduces the bleeding, the surgical time and improves outcome of rhinoplasty and other facial plastic surgeries. Since acupuncture is used for epistaxis, this study was designed to investigate its effectiveness in reducing the bleeding in open rhinoplasty. Methods: In a triple-blinded randomized clinical trial, 88 patients with ASA I and II physical status, aged between 20 – 48 years, who were candidates of open rhinoplasty were enrolled in the study. After randomization, 44 patients were assigned to each group of acupuncture or control. They were given identical anesthesia. In addition to the hemodynamic monitoring, blood loss was assessed in all patients and compared between the two groups. Results: There were statistically significant differences between two groups in terms of the amount of bleeding (P = 0.001) and surgeon satisfaction (P = 0.010). Coagulation indicators were similar in both groups (All P > 0.05). Mean SBP and DBP, average HR and average MAP in both acupuncture and control groups did not show significant differences (All P > 0.05). Adverse events such as bradycardia or hypotension requiring treatment were not seen. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that acupuncture could reduce bleeding during rhinoplasty without side effects

Risk factors associated with long covid syndrome: A retrospective study

Background: Recently, people have recognized the post-acute phase symptoms of the COVID-19. We investigated the long-term symptoms associated with COVID-19, (Long COVID Syndrome), and the risk factors associated with it. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study. All the consecutive adult patients referred to the healthcare facilities anywhere in Fars province from 19 February 2020 until 20 November 2020 were included. All the patients had a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis. In a phone call to the patients, at least three months after their discharge from the hospital, we obtained their current information. The IBM SPSS Statistics (version 25.0) was used. Pearson Chi square, Fisher’s exact test, t test, and binary logistic regression analysis model were employed. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: In total, 4,681 patients were studied, 2915 of whom (62.3%) reported symptoms. The most common symptoms of long COVID syndrome were fatigue, exercise intolerance, walking intolerance, muscle pain, and shortness of breath. Women were more likely to experience long-term COVID syndrome than men (Odds Ratio: 1,268; 95% Confidence Interval: 1,122-1,432; P=0.0001), which was significant. Presentation with respiratory problems at the onset of illness was also significantly associated with long COVID syndrome (Odds Ratio: 1.425; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.177-1.724; P=0.0001). A shorter length of hospital stay was inversely associated with long COVID syndrome (Odds Ratio: 0.953; 95% Confidence Interval: 0.941-0.965; P=0.0001). Conclusion: Long COVID syndrome is a frequent and disabling condition and has significant associations with sex (female), respiratory symptoms at the onset, and the severity of the illness

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Studying Economic Impact of Tourism on the Economic of Nishabour City

Tourism is one of the most important economic phenomena of this era, which is considered as a significant source of economic growth. The purpose of this study, is to examine the impacts of tourism development on the economy of Nishabour city, which has a high potential for tourism due to its historical background. To fulfill this purpose, provincial and municipal input-output coefficients are calculated by using FLQ non-survey based approach and national input-output data table for 2006. Furthermore, the input-output model of the city is presented by utilizing the direct and indirect multipliers of output and employment, and the expenses of internal tourism is added to the model as city’s exports. The results indicate that internal tourism in 2011, lead to a significant increase of 9083 billion rials in Nishabour’s output, and created 1731 person jobs, which is about 1.14% of the total employment of the city