A Study on Invisible Digital Image and Video Watermarking Techniques

Digital watermarking was introduced as a result of rapid advancement of networked multimedia systems. It had been developed to enforce copyright technologies for cover of copyright possession. This technology is first used for still images however recently they need been developed for different multimedia objects like audio, video etc. Watermarking, that belong to the information hiding field, has seen plenty of research interest. There's a lot of work begin conducted in numerous branches in this field. The image watermarking techniques might divide on the idea of domain like spatial domain or transform domain or on the basis of wavelets. The copyright protection, capacity, security, strength etc are a number of the necessary factors that are taken in account whereas the watermarking system is intended. This paper aims to produce a detailed survey of all watermarking techniques specially focuses on image watermarking types and its applications in today’s world

Rational Design of Pore Size and Functionality in a Series of Isoreticular Zwitterionic Metal-Organic Frameworks

The isoreticular expansion and functionalization of charged-polarized porosity has been systematically explored by the rational design of 11 isostructural zwitterionic metal-organic frameworks (ZW-MOFs). This extended series of general structural composition {[M3F(L1)3(L2)1.5]·guests}n was prepared by employing the solvothermal reaction of Co and Ni tetrafluoroborates with a binary ligand system composed of zwitterionic pyridinium derivatives and traditional functionalized ditopic carboxylate auxiliary ligands (HL1·Cl = 1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium chloride, Hcpb·Cl; or 1-(4-carboxyphenyl-3-hydroxyphenyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium chloride, Hchpb·Cl; and H2L2 = benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid, H2bdc; 2-aminobenzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid, H2abdc; 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, H2dhbdc; biphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid, H2bpdc; or stilbene-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid, H2sdc). Single-crystal structure analyses revealed cubic crystal symmetry (I-43m, a = 31-36 Å) with a 3D pore system of significant void space (73-81%). The pore system features three types of pores being systematically tunable in size ranging from 17.4 to 18.8 Å (pore I), 8.2 to 12.8 Å (pore II), and 4.8 to 10.4 Å (pore III) by the choice of auxiliary ligands. All members of this series have noninterpenetrating structures and exhibit robust architectures, as evidenced by their permanent porosity and high thermal stability (up to 300 °C). The structural integrity and specific surface areas could be systematically optimized using supercritical CO2 exchange methods for framework activation resulting in BET surface areas ranging from 1250 to 2250 m2/g. Most interestingly, as a structural landmark, we found the pore surfaces lined with charge gradients employed by the pyridinium ligands. This key feature results in significant adsorption of carbon dioxide and methane which is attributed to polarization effects. With this contribution we pioneer the reticulation of pyridinium building blocks into extended zwitterionic networks in which specific properties can be targeted

Acquaintance, approach and application of pharmacovigilance: questionnaire based study at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Dhaka

Background: Pharmacovigilance is proven as an effective monitoring mechanism for safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products with the assistance of physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and other healthcare professionals to avoid undue physical, mental and financial suffering of patients. Thus, this study was conducted to assess awareness of pharmacovigilance among the healthcare service providers to evaluate the acquaintance, approach application (3A) of judicial reporting of ADRs and pharmacovigilance in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Dhaka.Methods: A pre-tested questionnaire-based study was done among the 5th year medical students, interns, doctors and nurses of Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh to assess the overall status of acquaintance (knowledge), approach (attitude) and application (practice) pharmacovigilance. Total 417 questionnaires were distributed and 389 were included as valid, compiled and analysed using SPSS version 25.0.Results: Among the respondents, almost 78% of the nurses responded the right answers and doctors responded the lowest 29% on average. The average percentage of approach and application of pharmacovigilance was low in all the respondent groups. The poorest outcome was observed about reporting an adverse drug reactions (ADR) form by all respondents as 01% to 08%.Conclusions: The overall status of pharmacovigilance in a tertiary teaching hospital was found paradoxically low, that revealed the necessity of much more initiatives at the undergraduate and postgraduate academic curriculum and intensive motivation, training, monitoring should be addressed to ensure the safety of medication, rationality of drug use and accomplish the national pharmacovigilance programs

EFFICIENT VLSI IMPLEMENTATION OF REDUNDANT BINARY ENCODING FOR DECIMAL MULTIPLICATION

This paper introduces two novel architectures for parallel decimal multipliers. Our multipliers are based on a new algorithm for decimal carry–save multioperand addition that uses a novel TCSD recoding for decimal digits. It significantly improves the area and latency of the partial product reduction tree with respect to previous proposals. We also present three schemes for fast and efficient generation of partial products in parallel. The recoding of the TCSD multiplier operand into minimally redundant signed–digit radix–10, radix–4 and radix–5 representations using new recoders reduces the complexity of partial product generation. In addition, SD radix–4 and radix–5 recodings allow the reuse of a conventional parallel binary radix–4 multiplier to perform combined binary/decimal multiplications

PERGURUAN TINGGI BERBADAN HUKUM (PTN-BH)

Sejak dibentuknya Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2012 tentang Pendidikan Tinggi (UU Dikti) memberikan kewenangan pada Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Berbadan Hukum (PTN-BH) untuk melakukan pengelolaan kelembagaan secara mandiri yang tidak hanya pada otonomi akademik melainkan juga pada otonomi non-akademik, termasuk otonomi pengelolaan keuangan. Untuk itu tulisan ini dibuat dalam rangka menelaah sejauh manakah otonomi pengelolaan keuangan pada PTN-BH. Penelitian ini menggunakan menggunakan metode yuridis normatif sebagai metode utama dan metode yuridis empiris sebagai pendukung, sumber data yang dipergunakan yaitu data sekunder dan data primer, dan dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa: Eksistensi PTN-BH dalam perspektif otonomi pendidikan tinggi ditinjau dari Undang-Undang Pedidikan Tinggi telah memiliki kedudukan tersendiri, kehadirannya merupakan suatu keniscyaan serta kebutuhan ilmu pengetahuan yang dapat memperkuat kedudukan PTN-BH dalam melaksanakan otonominya. Otonomi yang dimaksud tertuang dalam Pasal 64 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Pendidikan Tinggi, bahwa dalam otonomi pendidikan di PTN-BH hanya meliputi bidang akademik dan non akademik. Juga ditemukan bahwa Otonomi pengelolaan keuangan PTN-BH merupakan salah satu bentuk pelimpahan kewenangan secara delegasi yang didasarkan pada Statuta PTN-BH. Salah satu bentuknya adalah pemisahan harta kekayaan PTN-BH dari kekayaan Negara yang menimbulkan banyak akibat hukum

Opthalmic drug abuse and misuse in Jordan: An Observational Study from Community Pharmacies in Amman.

Background: There has been a trend in the past five years in Jordan for ophthalmic anticholinergic preparations to be misused or abused. This is done mainly to experience mental altering effects such as mood changes, euphoria or hallucinations. Such products are mostly obtained from community pharmacies without a prescription. Objectives: This study aimed to observe the requests of ophthalmic preparations in community pharmacies in Amman, Jordan, and evaluating the most popular and frequently requested ophthalmic drops suspected of abuse. Also, it aimed to describe the current methods that Jordanian community pharmacists use to manage such requests. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional observational study was conducted between November 2016 and January 2017 at sixteen different community pharmacies in Amman. All ophthalmic products requested were observed during this period. Results: A total of 140 ophthalmic product requests for 130 customers were observed. Dry eye was the most common complaint for which the customer requested the medication (n = 30, 23.1%) and direct self-medication (ie-requesting the product by name), was the most frequent method of purchase (n = 63, 48.5%). In 19 cases (14.6%), product requests were suspected to be for non-medical (ie-abuse) purposes. Most of the suspected cases were for Pentolate® (n = 11, 57.9%), whereas 7 were for Prisoline® (36.8%) and 1 for Naphcon-A® (5.3%). The majority of observed cases were for products requested without a prescription (n = 16, 84.2%), and in 12 cases out of which, sale was refused (63.2%). Conclusion: More effort and enforcement of pharmacy regulation for safe dispensing is needed to reduce the abuse of ophthalmic products. Educating pharmacists and ophthalmologists would help raise awareness and control the type of drug abuse

Polyphenols, Flavonoids, Mineral Elements, and Biological Activities of Ginger and Cinnamon Essential Oil and Extracts as Regulated by Their Isolation Procedures

Our research compared the chemical make-up of wild Ginger and cinnamon, including their essential oils (EOs), total phenol, and total flavonoid, for their antioxidant and antibacterial effects in vitro. The mineral (nutritional and poisonous) components of the plant were also identified in this investigation. Hydro distillation (HD), steam distillation (SD), and microwave-assisted distillation (MAD) were used to extract the EOs, and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and mass spectrometry detection (GC-MS) were used to examine them. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to evaluate the EOs' antioxidant properties. The essential oil was analyzed, and twenty-six components were found to make up 97.73% of the oil with a yield of 0.202%. The primary components were pulegone (74.81%), menthone (13.01%) and piperitone (3.82%). Neutron activation analysis (INAA) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) were used to detect twenty-one elements, including macro- and micro-elements (Ba, Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sr, Th, U, and Zn), with the mineral element concentration being very close to the FAO recommendation

Deskripsi Alga Makro di Taman Wisata Alam Batuputih, Kota Bitung

DESKRIPSI ALGA MAKRO DI TAMAN WISATA ALAM BATUPUTIH, KOTA BITUNG Marnix L.D. Langoy1), Saroyo1), Farha N.J. Dapas1), Deidy Y. Katili 1), dan Syamsul Bachry Hamsir2) 1)Program Studi Biologi, FMIPA, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado 95115 2)Mahasiswa Program Sarjana Program Studi Biologi FMIPA Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado 95115 ABSTRAK Penelitian tentang biodiversitas alga telah dilaksanakan dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis keanekaragaman alga makro di Taman Wisata Alam Batuputih Sulawesi Utara. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Taman Wisata Alam Batuputih, Kota Bitung dari bulan Januari sampai dengan Desember 2009. Pada lokasi penelitian dibuat 5 garis transek dengan jarak antara satu transek dengan transek berikutnya adalah 50 m. Setiap transek diambil 5 plot dengan ukuran 1 m x 1 m. Penempatan plot adalah 10 m, 20 m, 30 m, 40 m, dan 50 m dari garis pantai. Dengan demikian total plot penelitian sebanyak 50 plot. Pada setiap plot dihitung jumlah spesies alga yang ditemukan serta luas penutupannya, serta jumlah individu/koloni. Identifikasi jenis dilakukan di lapangan dengan menggunakan buku-buku identifikasi alga dan dilakukan konfirmasi di laboratorium. Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan di Taman Wisata Alam Batuputih pada 50 plot ditemukan 411 individu alga makro dengan 18 spesies yang berasal dari 3 divisi yakni Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta dan Phaeophyta. Dalam Divisi Rhodophyta dan Chlorophyta terdapat 7 spesies dengan 6 famili yang ditemukan, lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan Divisi Phaeophyta yang hanya ditemukan 4 spesies dengan 3 famili. Kata kunci: alga, biodiversitas, Taman Wisata Alam Batuputih BIODIVERSITY OF ALGAE AT BATUPUTIH TOURISM PARK, BITUNG DISTRICT ABSTRACT A research about algae diversity has been conducted to analysis macro-algae biodiversity at Batuputih Tourism Park, Bitung City, North Sulawesi from January to December 2009. At the above location, 5 line transects were made and the distance between previous and next transect was 50 m. In each transect, 5 plots were formed as representation to the the location. Plot size was 1 m x 1 m placed at 10 m, 20 m, 30 m, 40 m, and 50 m from zero point. Therefore, the total of plot in this research was 50 plots. In all plots, algae species richness, its covering and total of individuals/colony. Species identification was done in the field by using some algae identification manuals and confirmation was done at laboratory. Results of the research showed that: there were 411 individuals of algae in 50 plots at Batuputih Tourism Park. All individuals were classified into 18 species that included in 3 divisions, those were Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta and Phaeophyta. In the Division Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta, there were 7 species within 6 families, more than Division Phaeophyta that only consisted of 4 species within 3 families

Adherence to Azathioprine/6-Mercaptopurine in Children and Adolescents with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Multimethod Study

Background: Measurement of the degree of adherence is a key element for the evaluation of treatment efficacy and safety; thus, adherence plays an important role in clinical research and practice. The aim of this study was to investigate medication adherence in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) utilizing a multimethod assessment approach. A further aim was to examine factors that can influence adherence within this population. Methods: Medication adherence in 47 children (age range 3 to 17 years) with IBD in three centers in Northern Ireland and Jordan was assessed via subjective (parent and child versions of the Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS) specific questionnaire) and objective methods, that is, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) determination of the 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and azathioprine (AZA) metabolites in packed red blood cell samples taken during a clinic visit. Beliefs about prescribed medicines were also assessed in parents/guardians using the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ). Results: An overall nonadherence to AZA/6-MP therapy in children with IBD was found to be 36.17% (17 out of 47 patients were classified as nonadherent using at least one of the assessment methods). A total of 41 patients (91.1%) were classified as adherent to AZA or 6-MP using the blood sampling, while adherence rates using the MARS questionnaire completed by children and parents/guardians were 60.6% and 72.7%, respectively. The latter provides a more longitudinal measure of adherence. Child self-reported nonadherence rates were significantly higher than parent/guardian reported rates (p=0.013). Binary logistic regression analysis identified age to be independently predictive of adherence, with adolescents (children aged ≥ 13 years old) more likely to be classified as nonadherent. Regarding the BMQ, when parental/guardian necessity beliefs outweighed concerns, that is, higher scores in the necessity-concern differential (NCD), adolescents were more likely to be classified as adherent. Conclusion: Results provide evidence for ongoing adherence challenges in the paediatric population with IBD. It is recommended that parents/guardians (particularly of older children) and older children themselves, should receive enhanced counselling and education about their prescribed medicines