State Elitesa Policies towards-Balochistan (1947-70). Its Dynamics and Impacts

The British administration made an announcement of the partition plan for India and Pakistan on June 3 1947 Shahi Jirga was formed as an electoral college to decide about the future of British Baluchistan It finally announced its decision in favour of Pakistan Afterwards the state elites seemed bound and determined to include the Kalat state as its part because it geo-strategic and geo-economic significance They changed their mindset and expressed the intention of unconditional accession of the Kalat state to Pakistan The Khan finally signed an instrument of accession realising the precarious conditions in and around the Khanate The Baloch nationalists challenged the validity of instrument of accession and verdict of Shahi Jirga There were further developments subsequent to it the Advisory Council was made in June 1949 to ensure people s participation in the governance of British Baluchistan Another initiative taken in this direction was the appointment of the Reform Committee in October 1958 The state elites decided to combine four states of Kalat Mekran Kharan and Las Bela into Balochistan States Union Prince Abdul Kareem Khan did not resign himself to the changed status of the Khanate but his rebellion was suppressed by the Pakistani armed forces The second Constituent Assembly of Pakistan Subsequently adopted the most contentious plan of one-unit by totally ignoring the sensitivities of the smaller provinces It was the brainchild of the central state players who wanted to defeat the political alliance between East Pakistan and provincial regional players of West Pakistan It turned out to be counter-productive The ethnic and regional actors of Balochistan became sceptical and apprehensive about the policies of central state actors One Unit Plan was made a part of 1956 Constitution It was a fateful attack on the federal parliamentary set-up The central elites believed in unity through conformity not through diversity The unification pla

State Elitesa Policies towards-Balochistan (1947-70). Its Dynamics and Impacts

The British administration made an announcement of the partition plan for India and Pakistan on June 3 1947 Shahi Jirga was formed as an electoral college to decide about the future of British Baluchistan It finally announced its decision in favour of Pakistan Afterwards the state elites seemed bound and determined to include the Kalat state as its part because it geo-strategic and geo-economic significance They changed their mindset and expressed the intention of unconditional accession of the Kalat state to Pakistan The Khan finally signed an instrument of accession realising the precarious conditions in and around the Khanate The Baloch nationalists challenged the validity of instrument of accession and verdict of Shahi Jirga There were further developments subsequent to it the Advisory Council was made in June 1949 to ensure people s participation in the governance of British Baluchistan Another initiative taken in this direction was the appointment of the Reform Committee in October 1958 The state elites decided to combine four states of Kalat Mekran Kharan and Las Bela into Balochistan States Union Prince Abdul Kareem Khan did not resign himself to the changed status of the Khanate but his rebellion was suppressed by the Pakistani armed forces The second Constituent Assembly of Pakistan Subsequently adopted the most contentious plan of one-unit by totally ignoring the sensitivities of the smaller provinces It was the brainchild of the central state players who wanted to defeat the political alliance between East Pakistan and provincial regional players of West Pakistan It turned out to be counter-productive The ethnic and regional actors of Balochistan became sceptical and apprehensive about the policies of central state actors One Unit Plan was made a part of 1956 Constitution It was a fateful attack on the federal parliamentary set-up The central elites believed in unity through conformity not through diversity The unification pla

Proses murabatah al-nafs menurut perspektif al-Ghazali bagi membangunkan individu seimbang dan holistik

Al-nafs or soul is an important element in one’s self. Al-nafs commonly referred as a spiritual element that complement the physical element of a human. Al-Ghazali was among the scholars that greatly discussed on al-nafs or soul and the process to develop the soul. This paper focused on the process of murabatah al-nafs stated by al-Ghazali to ensure the holistic personal development. The process of murabatah al-nafs is required to develop the soul and have a peaceful soul or nafs mutmainnah. This murabatah al-nafs process encompasses of six stages. The six stages are musyaratah, muraqabah, muhasabah, mu`aqabah, mujahadah and mu`atabah. The stage of musyaratah refers to the process of determining goals that to be achieved by individual’s soul. Muraqabah is a stage that include the process of sensing Allah’s observation towards an individual. The next stage is the stage of muhasabah whereby the individual reflects on his future and past actions. After the process of muhasabah, the individual is recommended to do mu`aqabah process that refers to the act of condemning the lack of deeds and offenses committed. The following stage is the stage of mujahadah. Mujahadah refers to the determination of an individual doing deeds and avoiding sins. The last stage of this murabatah al-nafs process is the stage of mu`atabah. Mu`atabah refers to the process of individual reminding himself and critised his wrongdoings. As a conclusion, these six stages in the process of murabatah al-nafs can served as an effective mechanism to develop a balanced and holistic individual. This process can be applied in formal education at school setting or informal education at homes

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Regime and Growth of the Baloch Nationalism in 1970s

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was the first elected prime minister of Pakistan His initial strategy of accommodation and power sharing with the regionalists in Balochistan had a positive impact on the national politics The regionalists started to distance themselves from secessionist tendencies However the policy of pacification was short-lived The central government instead of addressing political conflicts with consensus resorted to undemocratic means The process of democratization in Balochistan was disrupted and the provincial government was dissolved The autonomists were sidelined and were dubbed as anti-state elements The extremists within the autonomists fold were infuriated and started the armed insurgency The central government launched an army operation to cope with insurgents Bhutto s regime marked a tendency towards executive despotism Despite provincial government s alleged defiance of federal authority the central government could have treated them with patience and tolerance visualizing the sensitivity of the Balochistan crisi

Vertical profile (temperature and conductivity) and surface currents at cage culture non – Cage culture area in Batang Ai Hydroelectric Dam Reservoir, Sarawak

Batang Ai Hydroelectric Dam Reservoir is a first man – made lake in Sarawak. Although the water quality in Batang Ai Hydroelectric Dam Reservoir have been assessed yearly but there is less scientific studies on surface waters and the vertical profile of temperature and conductivity at selected Cage Culture area and Non – Cage Culture of Batang Ai Hydroelectric Dam Reservoir. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify and illustrate the vertical profile of temperature and conductivity at Cage Culture and Non – Cage Culture Area of Batang Ai Hydroelectric Dam Reservoir. Moreover, to elucidate the surface waters using Current Meters.. In this study, 24 stations were servey for profiling of stratification of temperature and conductivity; 13 stations were conducted for surface current. Results show there were significant dropped in temperatures for all stations range from 24.9 to 32.2 0C from Epilimnion to Hypolimnion Layer (P<0.05). Meanwhile, vertical profile of conductivity fluctuated; increasing with depth as from Eplimnion reaching out to Hypolimnion. There was significant higher in conductivity in Cage Culture Area compared to Non – Cage Culture Area (P<0.05). Hypolimnion layer hold the highest conductivity of all layers. As for surface current, it was found that the mean of surface current was 42.15 ± 19. 96 cm/s. Circulated in a clockwise manner as influenced by the Coriolis‟s effect and prevailing wind of trade. This study could help to provide the robust management tools for aquaculturist and managemen

Issue of Democratic Accountability in the Contemporary History of Pakistan (1999-2008) Challenges and Prospects

Political accountability is generally, in the context of a democratic state, related to issues, for instance, how elected representatives can be made responsible for their exercise of power and policies. The aim of this research is to establish the meaning of the phenomena of political accountability in the contemporary perspective of Pakistan. The Grounded theory as a method is used on archival data and interviewing. Political elites split off to join the spoils system of Musharraf regime in return for the accretion for power and kept themselves safe from accountability process, which was very selective, discriminatory, and politically-motivated, initiated by the Mushrraf government. Their preoccupation was with ruler ship rather than the electorate as citizens. In this classical cycle of client list politics, the government from top to the bottom was embedded in the notion of rewarding their &bdquo;clients‟ rather than their principal actors of political accountability, i.e. the citizens

Quantification of Ion Migration in CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells by Transient Capacitance Measurements

Solar cells based on organic-inorganic metal halide perovskites show efficiencies close to highly-optimized silicon solar cells. However, ion migration in the perovskite films leads to device degradation and impedes large scale commercial applications. We use transient ion-drift measurements to quantify activation energy, diffusion coefficient, and concentration of mobile ions in methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) perovskite solar cells, and find that their properties change close to the tetragonal-to-orthorhombic phase transition temperature. We identify three migrating ion species which we attribute to the migration of iodide (I-) and methylammonium (MA+). We find that the concentration of mobile MA+ ions is one order of magnitude higher than the one of mobile I- ions, and that the diffusion coefficient of mobile MA+ ions is three orders of magnitude lower than the one for mobile I- ions. We furthermore observe that the activation energy of mobile I- ions (0.29 eV) is highly reproducible for different devices, while the activation energy of mobile MA+ depends strongly on device fabrication. This quantification of mobile ions in MAPbI3 will lead to a better understanding of ion migration and its role in operation and degradation of perovskite solar cells

A Comparative Study of Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on All‐Inorganic Perovskite Nanoparticles (CsPbBr3) Synthesized at Room Temperature and by a Hot‐Injection Method

Perovskite nanoparticles (PeNPs) have been extensively studied for optoelectronic applications, owing to their extremely high photoluminescence quantum yield, tunable band gap, and exceptionally narrow emission spectra. Therefore, PeNPs are considered excellent candidates for the development of high‐efficiency, low‐cost, wide‐gamut, and high‐purity color displays. However, their synthesis typically involves multistep cumbersome processes that might hinder commercial development. Herein, green light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) prepared by using all‐inorganic PeNPs CsPbBr3 synthesized at room temperature (RT) are reported and their performance compared with those prepared by a traditional hot‐injection method. Insights into the morphology and optoelectronic properties of RT PeNPs are provided through AFM and TEM and employing them in LEDs

Preventive detention under internal security act 1960 and dangerous drugs (special preventive measures) act 1985; a comparison of procedural safeguards / Elias Yusri Zamri, Fithril Hakim Ab Jalil, Mohd Fakharuddin Ikhwan Mohd Nasir.

Preventive detention laws are given in virtue of Article 149 of the Federal Constitution. Article 149 of the Constitution provides for the powers to legislate laws against subversion and threats to the national security. The focus of this research is to discuss the procedural safeguard of the Internal Security Act 1960 (ISA) and the Dangerous Drugs (Special Preventive Measures) Act 1985 (SPMA). In Malaysia, ISA has been wielded most visibly in response to alleged security fears. The ISA is an expansive law but it is its provision for indefinite detention without trial to which the State has most frequent resort: the first sixty days of this detention are typically at the initiation of police authorities, and subsequent two-year periods occur at the authorization and renewal of the Minister of Home Affairs. Similarly, SPMA provides for detention without trial to be valid in combating the threat of drug abuse in consideration to the public interest. This research will point out the strength of this Act to be implemented in the ISA. This research will compare and contrast the two Acts in terms of the procedural safeguards given to the detainees. It is important as to clarify that this research will note that the weaknesses in ISA should be implemented by a better procedural safeguard given in the SPMA. Recommendations and opinions from scholars and experts are provided in this research to improve the procedural safeguard in ISA