Etude du rôle des facteurs de transcription Klf2a, Klf2b et Egr1 dans le développement des valves cardiaques en utilisant le poisson zèbre comme organisme modèle

Cardiac valves are necessary for maintaining a unidirectional blood flow in the cardiovascular system of vertebrates. Their efficient gating function requires a highly controlled developmental program. However, this program may be impaired and thus leading to defective valves. In fact, congenital heart valve diseases represent the most common form of birth defects. Therefore, cardiac valve development studies constitute a challenging research field. In this thesis, we used the zebrafish as a model organism for studying the formation of atrioventricular valves. To date, it is known that mechanical forces generated by blood flow constitute key modulators dictating valve formation. In particular, they initiate valvulogenesis by restricting the expression of the transcription factor Klf2a in a subset of endocardial cells of the atrio-ventricular canal. Our work demonstrated the activation of another transcription factor, Egr1, in this same region and within the same time window. We aimed at deciphering the mechanosentitive gene network involving klf2a, its paralog klf2b as well as egr1, by combining genome-wide analysis of gene expression and chromatin accessibility with live imaging. We addressed the potential interactions of these factors and studied their downstream signalling pathways. Finally, we demonstrated that egr1, klf2a/klf2b modulates valve morphogenesis by specifically controlling flt1, has2 and wnt9b expression.La circulation du flux sanguin à sens unique dans le système cardiovasculaire des vertébrés est assurée par les valves cardiaques. Leur formation est très contrôlée au cours du développement embryonnaire. Cependant, il arrive que celle-ci soit défectueuse, et donc à l’origine de maladies cardiaques congénitales. Ces maladies représentent une des causes majeures de décès à la naissance. L’étude de la formation des valves cardiaques constitue donc un champ de recherche majeur. Dans cette thèse, nous avons utilisé le poisson zèbre, comme animal d’étude modèle pour étudier la formation des valves atrio-ventriculaires. Les forces mécaniques générées par le flux sanguin constituent un signal modulant le programme génétique valvulaire. Elles initient la formation des valves en contraignant l’expression du facteur de transcription, Klf2a, à un groupe de cellules endothéliales du canal atrio-ventriculaire. Nos travaux ont démontré l’activation d’un autre facteur, Egr1, dans cette même région dans le même lapse de temps. Notre étude a cherché à élucider le réseau génétique impliquant klf2a, son paralogue klf2b, et egr1 en combinant une analyse pangénomique de l’expression génique et des sites accessibles de la chromatine avec une approche d’imagerie haute résolution in vivo. Nous avons déterminé les interactions entre ces facteurs et les réseaux qu’ils régulent. Cette étude a finalement démontré qu’egr1, klf2a/klf2b modulent la morphogénèse des valves cardiaques en contrôlant en particulier flt1, has2 et wnt9b

A new cellular model to follow Friedreich's ataxia development in a time-resolved way

Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a recessive autosomal ataxia caused by reduced levels of frataxin (FXN), an essential mitochondrial protein that is highly conserved from bacteria to primates. The exact role of frataxin and its primary function remain unclear although this information would be very valuable to design a therapeutic approach for FRDA. A main difficulty encountered so far has been that of establishing a clear temporal relationship between the different observations that could allow a distinction between causes and secondary effects, and provide a clear link between aging and disease development. To approach this problem, we developed a cellular model in which we can switch off/on in a time-controlled way the frataxin gene partially mimicking what happens in the disease. We exploited the TALEN and CRISPR methodologies to engineer a cell line where the presence of an exogenous, inducible FXN gene rescues the cells from the knockout of the two endogenous FXN genes. This system allows the possibility of testing the progression of disease and is a valuable tool for following the phenotype with different newly acquired markers

Analyzing the Effects of a G137V Mutation in the FXN Gene

Reduced levels of frataxin, an essential mitochondrial protein involved in the regulation of iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis, are responsible for the recessive neurodegenerative Friedreich Ataxia (FRDA). Expansion of a GAA triplet in the first intron of the FRDA is essential for disease development which causes partial silencing of frataxin. In the vast majority of cases, patients are homozygotes for the expansion, but a small number of FRDA patients are heterozygotes for expansion and point mutations in the frataxin coding frame. In this study, we analyze the effects of a point mutation G137V. The patient P94-2, with a history of alcohol and drug abuse, showed a FRDA onset at the border between the classic and late onset phenotype. We applied a combination of biophysical and biochemical methods to characterize its effects on the structure, folding and activity of frataxin. Our study reveals no impairment of the structure or activity of the protein but a reduced folding stability. We suggest that the mutation causes misfolding of the native chain with consequent reduction of the protein concentration in the patient and discuss the possible mechanism of disease

Developmental Alterations in Heart Biomechanics and Skeletal Muscle Function in Desmin Mutants Suggest an Early Pathological Root for Desminopathies

Desminopathies belong to a family of muscle disorders called myofibrillar myopathies that are caused by Desmin mutations and lead to protein aggregates in muscle fibers. To date, the initial pathological steps of desminopathies and the impact of desmin aggregates in the genesis of the disease are unclear. Using live, high-resolution microscopy, we show that Desmin loss of function and Desmin aggregates promote skeletal muscle defects and alter heart biomechanics. In addition, we show that the calcium dynamics associated with heart contraction are impaired and are associated with sarcoplasmic reticulum dilatation as well as abnormal subcellular distribution of Ryanodine receptors. Our results demonstrate that desminopathies are associated with perturbed excitation-contraction coupling machinery and that aggregates are more detrimental than Desmin loss of function. Additionally, we show that pharmacological inhibition of aggregate formation and Desmin knockdown revert these phenotypes. Our data suggest alternative therapeutic approaches and further our understanding of the molecular determinants modulating Desmin aggregate formation. Desminopathies are myopathies and cardiomyopathies associated with Desmin mutations leading to protein aggregates. Ramspacher et al. demonstrate that altered Desmin function or expression affect the EC coupling machinery and calcium dynamics. They show that aggregates are more toxic than the loss of function and can be rescued by knockdown and pharmacological treatment

Validation of a non-motor fluctuations questionnaire in Parkinson's disease

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