Women’s rights and human rights: a path between equality and autonomy

La consolidación de los derechos de las mujeres exige una profunda revisión de dos nociones determinantes en la fundación antropológica y filosófica de los derechos humanos: la idea de autonomía individual y el principio de igualdad. Dos nociones que en la interpretación tradicional liberal favorecieron la exclusión de las mujeres del discurso de los derechos y del ámbito público, y las dejaron recluidas en el espacio de la irracionalidad Aunque el sufragismo del siglo XIX y el feminismo liberal favorecieron su acceso a la ciudadanía y la igualdad ante la ley, y el feminismo socialista, fusionó su liberación con la de la clase, ninguno de estos movimientos pudo acabar con las estructuras de dominación y con la marginación que las mujeres sufrían. Sólo a partir de los años sesenta, las mujeres conquistan la posibilidad de pensarse a sí mismas independientemente de los varones, reformulando en clave de género las categorías masculinas con las que habían sido concebidas, y planteando, por esta vía, una filosofía para los derechos más incluyente y liberadora.The consolidation of the rights of women requires a deep and profound review of two concepts crucial to the anthropological and philosophical foundation of human rights: the idea of individual autonomy and the principle of equality. Two notions that in the traditional liberal interpretation favoured the exclusion of women from rights speech and the public sphere, and confined them to the space of irrationality. Although the nineteenth-century suffrage and liberal feminism favoured access to citizenship and equality before the law, and socialist feminism merged its release with the class, none of these moves could end the structures of domination and marginalization that women suffered. Only after the decade of the sixties, the women acquired a chance to think of themselves independently from males, reformulating in terms of gender the categories with which had been conceived, and raising, in this way, a philosophy for rights more inclusive and liberating

El uso, el abuso y el no uso de la palabra “Derecho"

The paper refers to the language of rights in the public debate, focusing the attention with the characters of imperativity, inviolability, absoluteness which are proper to the term ‘right’. It focuses, on the one hand, on situations where every interest is claimed as a ‘right’, and, on the other hand, on situations where, on the contrary, fundamental human rights are not widely and unanimously recognized, which is typically the case of women’s human rights.La intervención hace referencia al uso del lenguaje de los derechos en el debate público, centrando la atención en la connotación de imperatividad, carácter absoluto, inviolabilidad que la palabra ‘derecho’ implica. De una parte hay casos en los que todo interés es reivindicado como derecho, por otra hay casos en los que, alcontrario, derechos humanos fundamentales que no son unánimemente reconocidos, situación que afecta en particular los derechos humanos de la mujeres

Off-label long acting injectable antipsychotics in real-world clinical practice: a cross-sectional analysis of prescriptive patterns from the STAR Network DEPOT study

Introduction Information on the off-label use of Long-Acting Injectable (LAI) antipsychotics in the real world is lacking. In this study, we aimed to identify the sociodemographic and clinical features of patients treated with on- vs off-label LAIs and predictors of off-label First- or Second-Generation Antipsychotic (FGA vs. SGA) LAI choice in everyday clinical practice. Method In a naturalistic national cohort of 449 patients who initiated LAI treatment in the STAR Network Depot Study, two groups were identified based on off- or on-label prescriptions. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to test several clinically relevant variables and identify those associated with the choice of FGA vs SGA prescription in the off-label group. Results SGA LAIs were more commonly prescribed in everyday practice, without significant differences in their on- and off-label use. Approximately 1 in 4 patients received an off-label prescription. In the off-label group, the most frequent diagnoses were bipolar disorder (67.5%) or any personality disorder (23.7%). FGA vs SGA LAI choice was significantly associated with BPRS thought disorder (OR = 1.22, CI95% 1.04 to 1.43, p = 0.015) and hostility/suspiciousness (OR = 0.83, CI95% 0.71 to 0.97, p = 0.017) dimensions. The likelihood of receiving an SGA LAI grew steadily with the increase of the BPRS thought disturbance score. Conversely, a preference towards prescribing an FGA was observed with higher scores at the BPRS hostility/suspiciousness subscale. Conclusion Our study is the first to identify predictors of FGA vs SGA choice in patients treated with off-label LAI antipsychotics. Demographic characteristics, i.e. age, sex, and substance/alcohol use co-morbidities did not appear to influence the choice towards FGAs or SGAs. Despite a lack of evidence, clinicians tend to favour FGA over SGA LAIs in bipolar or personality disorder patients with relevant hostility. Further research is needed to evaluate treatment adherence and clinical effectiveness of these prescriptive patterns

The Role of Attitudes Toward Medication and Treatment Adherence in the Clinical Response to LAIs: Findings From the STAR Network Depot Study

Background: Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics are efficacious in managing psychotic symptoms in people affected by severe mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The present study aimed to investigate whether attitude toward treatment and treatment adherence represent predictors of symptoms changes over time. Methods: The STAR Network \u201cDepot Study\u201d was a naturalistic, multicenter, observational, prospective study that enrolled people initiating a LAI without restrictions on diagnosis, clinical severity or setting. Participants from 32 Italian centers were assessed at three time points: baseline, 6-month, and 12-month follow-up. Psychopathological symptoms, attitude toward medication and treatment adherence were measured using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI-10) and the Kemp's 7-point scale, respectively. Linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate whether attitude toward medication and treatment adherence independently predicted symptoms changes over time. Analyses were conducted on the overall sample and then stratified according to the baseline severity (BPRS < 41 or BPRS 65 41). Results: We included 461 participants of which 276 were males. The majority of participants had received a primary diagnosis of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (71.80%) and initiated a treatment with a second-generation LAI (69.63%). BPRS, DAI-10, and Kemp's scale scores improved over time. Six linear regressions\u2014conducted considering the outcome and predictors at baseline, 6-month, and 12-month follow-up independently\u2014showed that both DAI-10 and Kemp's scale negatively associated with BPRS scores at the three considered time points. Linear mixed-effects models conducted on the overall sample did not show any significant association between attitude toward medication or treatment adherence and changes in psychiatric symptoms over time. However, after stratification according to baseline severity, we found that both DAI-10 and Kemp's scale negatively predicted changes in BPRS scores at 12-month follow-up regardless of baseline severity. The association at 6-month follow-up was confirmed only in the group with moderate or severe symptoms at baseline. Conclusion: Our findings corroborate the importance of improving the quality of relationship between clinicians and patients. Shared decision making and thorough discussions about benefits and side effects may improve the outcome in patients with severe mental disorders

El pensamiento feminista sobre el Derecho: un recorrido desde Carol Gilligan a Tove Stang Dahl

Fil: Facchi, Alessandra. Università degli Studi di Milano. Faculdade di Scienze Politiche. Cátedra Teoría General del Derecho. Milano, Italia"Publicado originariamente en italiano como "Il pensiero femminista sul diritto : un percorso da Carol Gilligan a Tove Stang Dahl", en Filosofi del diritto contemporanei, a cargo de G. Zanetti, Milán, Cortina 1999. Traducción al castellano de Ana Alverti (UBA).

Moral Pluralism and Legal Liberalism

Cura del fascicolo monografico "Moral Pluralism and Legal Liberalism" di "Ratio Juris. An International Journal of Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law

Capitolo 3 "Dignity"; Capitolo 4 "Freedoms"; Capitolo 5 "Equality"; Capitolo 6 "Solidarity"; Capitolo 7 "Towards a More Inclusive Europe? Final Remarks"

This work provides a sketch of a legal-philosophical understanding of the normative content of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. In particular, after brefly reconstructing the genesis of the Charter and its historical and philosophical background, it focuses on how the values of dignity, freedom, equality and solidarity are conceived in the Charter and implemented in both Union law and the case law of the Court of Justice. Special attention is also devoted to the relationship between the European Union’s and the Council of Europe’s systems of protection of fundamental rights, with particular reference to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. This work stems from the research project "NoVaMigra – Norms and Values in the European Migration and Refugee Crisis", funded by the European Unionis. Accordingly, it mainly focuses on those rights which are, or could be, particularly significant in relation to migrants, asylum seekers and refugees. Furthermore, special attention is devoted to women’s rights and gender equality