Chemical characterization and in vitro toxicity on human bronchial epithelial cells BEAS-2B of PM2.5_{2.5} from an urban site under industrial emission influence

Particulate Matter (PM) is one of the most relevant environment-related health issues all over the world. In 2013, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified air pollution and PM as a carcinogen for humans [1]. However, the mechanisms involved in the toxicity of these particles remains poorly understood, mainly because PM are uniquely complex owing to their physicochemical characteristics. In this study, fine particles were collected in the city center of Dunkirk, northern France using a 5 stages high volume cascade impactor (Staplex® 235, 68m3/h) and a Digitel DA80 high volume sampler (30m3/h).Samples were extensively characterized for their physico-chemical properties, including trace metals, water-soluble ions and organic species. Normal human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were used as cell model for toxicological analysis. Cytotoxicity, PAHs-metabolizing enzymes gene expression and genotoxic alterations were evaluated after 24, 48 or 72 h of exposure considering increasing concentrations of PM$_{2.5-0.3}$, organic extracts (OE) and water-soluble fraction (WF) of PM$_{2.5-0.3}$ and PM$_{2.5}$. Several sources such as road traffic, industrial activities mainly related to steelmaking, marine emissions including sea-salts and shipping, as well as soil resuspension were found to contribute to the PM$_{2.5}$ composition. Cytotoxicity assessment results showed time and dose dependent responses, with effects mainly related to PAH compounds in PM$_{2.5}$ OE in which their content were 12 times higher than in PM$_{2.5-0.3}$ one [2]. Differences in the induction of CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and NQO1 genes expression involved in the metabolic activation of organic compounds, as well as genotoxic effects (oxidative DNA adducts, H2A.X phosphorylation) were also evidenced after cells exposure to OE and PM$_{2.5-0.3}$ [3]. These results confirm the major effect of organic compounds on toxic effects, but also the potential contribution of the inorganic fraction of the PM which maintains longer the effects in exposed cells

Second Harmonic Generation Enabled by Longitudinal Electric Field Components in Photonic Wire Waveguides

We investigate type I second harmonic generation in III-V semiconductor wire waveguides aligned with a crystallographic axis. In this direction, because of the single nonzero tensor element of III-V semiconductors, only frequency conversion by mixing with the longitudinal components of the optical fields is allowed. We experimentally study the impact of the propagation direction on the conversion efficiency and confirm the role played by the longitudinal components through the excitation of an antisymmetric second harmonic higher order mode

The myofibroblast, multiple origins for major roles in normal and pathological tissue repair

Myofibroblasts differentiate, invade and repair injured tissues by secreting and organizing the extracellular matrix and by developing contractile forces. When tissues are damaged, tissue homeostasis must be re-established, and repair mechanisms have to rapidly provide harmonious mechanical tissue organization, a process essentially supported by (myo)fibroblasts. Under physiological conditions, the secretory and contractile activities of myofibroblasts are terminated when the repair is complete (scar formation) but the functionality of the tissue is only rarely perfectly restored. At the end of the normal repair process, myofibroblasts disappear by apoptosis but in pathological situations, myofibroblasts likely remain leading to excessive scarring. Myofibroblasts originate from different precursor cells, the major contribution being from local recruitment of connective tissue fibroblasts. However, local mesenchymal stem cells, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and cells derived from an epithelial-mesenchymal transition process, may represent alternative sources of myofibroblasts when local fibroblasts are not able to satisfy the requirement for these cells during repair. These diverse cell types probably contribute to the appearance of myofibroblast subpopulations which show specific biological properties and which are important to understand in order to develop new therapeutic strategies for treatment of fibrotic and scarring diseases

ÉTUDE NEUROCHIMIQUE ET COMPORTEMENTALE DES MODULATIONS INDUITES PAR LES RÉCEPTEURS OPIOÏDES DE TYPE δ SUR LES LIBÉRATIONS STRIATALES DE GLUTAMATE ET DE DOPAMINE CHEZ LE RAT

Enkephalins, endogenous ligands of δ-opioid receptors, are the most abundant neuropeptides in the striatum, structure in which they stimulate dopamine release. However, the effect of δ-opioid receptors on striatal glutamate, which is mainly released by cortico-striatal neurons, is unknown. Nevertheless, some data suggest its involvement in the dopamine release induced by DPDPE, a δ-opioid selective agonist. This hypothesis was tested in the rat. For this purpose, we studied the effect of DPDPE on extracellular dopamine and glutamate levels in the striatum of animals submitted to an ipsilateral cortical lesion. Our results indicate that the striatal dopamine release induced by DPDPE is a consequence of glutamate release from cortico-striatal terminals. Then, we studied the contribution of glial cells in this process. Our experiments show that, although glial cells are essential to maintain glutamatergic neurotransmission, they are not directly involved in the stimulant effect induced by DPDPE on glutamate and dopamine extracellular levels. At last, we investigated the behavioral significance of these interactions, using the rat model of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Our results indicate that δ-opioid receptors located on cortico-striatal terminals are involved in dyskinesia. Taken together, our data enhance the knowledge of interactions between the main striatal neurotransmission and neuromodulation systems. They also confer on δ-opioid antagonists interesting properties in the improvement of Parkinson's disease therapy.Les enképhalines, ligands endogènes des récepteurs opioïdes δ, sont les neuropeptides les plus abondants du striatum, structure où elles stimulent la libération de dopamine. L'influence des récepteurs δ sur la transmission glutamatergique striatale, principalement supportée par les neurones corticaux, est en revanche méconnue. Néanmoins, des données suggèrent son implication dans la libération de dopamine induite par la DPDPE, agoniste sélectif des récepteurs δ. Nous avons exploré cette hypothèse chez le Rat. Dans ce but, nous avons étudié les effets de la DPDPE sur les taux extracellulaires de dopamine et de glutamate après lésion du cortex ipsilatéral. Nos résultats montrent que la libération striatale de dopamine induite par la DPDPE est la conséquence d'une libération de glutamate par les terminaisons cortico-striatales. Nous avons ensuite recherché une éventuelle contribution des cellules gliales à ce processus. Nos expériences indiquent que, bien qu'essentielles à l'homéostasie du glutamate, les cellules gliales ne participent pas aux effets stimulants de la DPDPE sur les taux de glutamate et de dopamine. Nous avons enfin étudié l'implication comportementale de ces interactions, grâce au modèle des dyskinésies induites par la L-DOPA chez le rat hémi-parkinsonien. Nos résultats montrent que les récepteurs δ portés par les terminaisons cortico-striatales sont impliqués dans ces dyskinésies. Nos travaux permettent ainsi d'élargir la connaissance des interactions entre les principaux systèmes de transmission du striatum. Ils confèrent également aux antagonistes des récepteurs δ d'intéressantes perspectives dans l'amélioration du traitement de la maladie de Parkinson

Etude neurochimique et comportementale des modulations induites par les récepteurs opioïdes de type d sur les libérations striatales de glutamate et de dopamine chez le rat

ROUEN-BU Sciences (764512102) / SudocSudocFranceF

De la cicatrisation à la fibrose dermique

978-2-9535434-0-

Experimental Evidence for Manure-Borne Bacteria Invasion in Soil During a Coalescent Event: Influence of the Antibiotic Sulfamethazine

International audienceAbstract The fertilization of agricultural soil by organic amendment that may contain antibiotics, like manure, can transfer bacterial pathogens and antibiotic-resistant bacteria to soil communities. However, the invasion by manure-borne bacteria in amended soil remains poorly understood. We hypothesized that this kind of process is both influenced by the soil properties (and those of its microbial communities) and by the presence of contaminants such as antibiotics used in veterinary care. To test that, we performed a microcosm experiment in which four different soils were amended or not with manure at an agronomical dose and exposed or not to the antibiotic sulfamethazine (SMZ). After 1 month of incubation, the diversity, structure, and composition of bacterial communities of the soils were assessed by 16S rDNA sequencing. The invasion of manure-borne bacteria was still perceptible 1 month after the soil amendment. The results obtained with the soil already amended in situ with manure 6 months prior to the experiment suggest that some of the bacterial invaders were established in the community over the long term. Even if differences were observed between soils, the invasion was mainly attributable to some of the most abundant OTUs of manure (mainly Firmicutes). SMZ exposure had a limited influence on soil microorganisms but our results suggest that this kind of contaminant can enhance the invasion ability of some manure-borne invaders

Effect of the CD14/TLR4 pathway on glioblastoma cell proliferation induced by CD95/CD95L pathway activation

International audienc

Peripheral nerve regeneration and intraneural revascularization

Peripheral nerves are particularly vulnerable to injuries and are involved in numerous pathologies for which specific treatments are lacking. This review summarizes the pathophysiological features of the most common traumatic nerve injury in humans and the different animal models used in nerve regeneration studies. The current knowledge concerning Wallerian degeneration and nerve regrowth is then described. Finally, the involvement of intraneural vascularization in these processes is addressed. As intraneural vascularization has been poorly studied, histological experiments were carried out from rat sciatic nerves damaged by a glycerol injection. The results, taken together with the data from literature, suggest that revascularization plays an important role in peripheral nerve regeneration and must therefore be studied more carefully