A majority of Brazilian patients with rheumatoid arthritis HLA-DRB1 alleles carry both the HLA-DRB1 shared epitope and anti-citrunillated peptide antibodies

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of the shared epitope (SE), the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) protection model, and the occurrence of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies in RA patients from a genetically diverse population. One hundred and forty Brazilian RA patients and 161 matched controls were typed for HLA-DRB1 alleles using amplified DNA hybridized with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes or primers. Patients were stratified according to the presence or absence of SE (DRB1*0401, *0404, *0405, *0101, *1001, and *1402), of the DERAA alleles (DRB1*0103, *0402, *1102, *1103, *1301, *1302, and *1304), and X (all other alleles). Anti-CCP antibodies were measured by ELISA. The combined frequency of SE-positive alleles was significantly greater (76.4 vs 23.6%, P < 0.0001) than the controls. The SE/SE and SE/X genotypes were over-represented (P < 0.0001, OR = 6.02) and DERAA/X was under-represented in RA patients (P < 0.001, OR = 0.49), whereas the frequencies of the SE/DERAA, X/X and X/DERAA genotypes were not significantly different from controls. The frequency of anti-CCP antibodies was higher in SE-positive patients than in SE-negative patients (64.6 vs 44.7%, P = 0.03; OR = 2.25). Although the Brazilian population is highly miscegenated, the results of this study support the findings observed in most genetically homogeneous populations with RA; however, they are not mutually exclusive but rather complementary. The participation of DRB1-DERAA alleles in protection against RA was also observed (OR = 0.4; 95%CI = 0.23-0.68).CNPqFAEP

Environmental assessment of industrial production of microalgal biodiesel in central-south Chile

Biofuels from microalgae have the potential to replace fossil fuels, without competing with other products derived from crops. This study aims to perform a cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment of the industrial production of microalgal biodiesel, using an autochthonous Chilean Phaeodactylum tricornutum strain, considering 1 MJ of biodiesel as the functional unit. For the compilation of the Life Cycle Inventory, real experimental data were obtained from the pilot-scale cultivation in a photobioreactor (PBR) module located in the city of Concepción, in Chile. The scale-up to the industrial plant considers that PBR modules are of the same size as those used in the pilot-scale. The Life Cycle Impacts Analysis considered the ReCiPe 2016 Endpoint (H) V1.00 method. Results show that the whole process contributes to a total of 5.74 kgCO2eq per MJ of biodiesel produced. PBR construction materials and energy consumption are the main contributors to the life cycle environmental impacts. The sensitivity analysis shows that energy consumption, water reuse and transportation distance of seawater from ocean to the industrial plant are the critical parameters that most affect the overall environmental performance of the system. The rate of water reuse is particularly critical to the global warming potential. Results also show that the valorization of co-products is an important aspect to improve the environmental performance of microalgal biodiesel production. Therefore, this study supports the decision-making process in biofuel production to promote the development of sustainable pilot and large-scale algae-based industry.publishe

Incorporation Of Nanocrystals With Different Dimensionalities In Hybrid Tio2/p3ht Solar Cells

We investigate the effect of TiO2 nanoparticles-nanospheres and nanorods-inserted in the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) matrix of TiO2?P3HT inverted hybrid solar cells. X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, small-angle x-ray scattering, photoluminescence, and photoelectrochemical experiments were employed to investigate the structure, morphology, and photoactivity of TiO2 nanoparticles modified with 2-thiopheneacetic acid, mixed or not with P3HT. Both TiO2 nanospheres and TiO2 nanorods presented a good dispersion in the polymer matrix. The incorporation of TiO2 nanospheres and nanorods has improved the photocurrent generation, and devices with efficiency values up to 1.35% were obtained. Our results reveal that the nanoscale morphology enables an enhanced interfacial area for exciton dissociation. In particular, the nanospheres contribute with their high specific area, and the nanorods contribute with their high aspect ratio.51Lee, C.-K., Pao, C.-W., Chen, C.-W., Correlation of nanoscale organizations of polymer and nanocrystals in polymer/inorganic nanocrystal bulk heterojunction hybrid solar cells: Insights from multiscale molecular simulations (2013) Energy Environ. Sci., 6, pp. 307-315Huynh, W.U., Dittmer, J.J., Alivisatos, A.P., Hybrid nanorod: Polymer solar cells (2002) Science, 295, pp. 2425-2427Sian, S., Chen, C.-W., Polymer-metal-oxide hybrid solar cells (2013) J. Mater. Chem. A, 1, pp. 10574-10591Das, J., A facile nonaqueous route for fabricating titania nanorods and their viability in quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (2010) J. Mater. Chem., 20, pp. 4425-4431Cozzoli, P.D., Kornowski, A., Weller, H., Low-temperature synthesis of soluble and processable organic-capped anatase TiO2 nanorods (2003) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, pp. 14539-14548Zeng, T.W., A large interconnecting network within hybrid MEH-PPV/TiO2 nanorod photovoltaic devices (2006) Nanotechnology, 17, p. 5387Yang, P., TiO2 nanowire electron transport pathways inside organic photovoltaics (2013) Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 15, pp. 4566-4572Lin, Y., Morphology control in TiO2 nanorod/polythiophene composites for bulk heterojunction solar cells using hydrogen bonding (2012) Macromolecules, 45, pp. 8665-8673Ranjitha, A., Inverted organic solar cells based on Cd-doped TiO2 as an electron extraction layer (2014) Superlattices Microstruct., 74, pp. 114-122Bolognesi, M., The effect of selective contact electrodes on the interfacial charge recombination kinetics and device efficiency of organic polymer solar cells (2011) Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 13, pp. 6105-6109Mor, G.K., High efficiency double heterojunction polymer photovoltaic cells using highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays (2007) Appl. Phys. Lett., 91, p. 152111Planells, M., Oligothiophene interlayer effect on photocurrent generation for hybrid TiO2/P3HT solar cells (2014) Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 6, pp. 17226-17235Freitas, F.S., Tailoring the interface using thiophene small molecules in TiO2/P3HT hybrid solar cells (2012) Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 14, pp. 11990-11993Liu, K., Efficient hybrid plasmonic polymer solar cells with Ag nanoparticle decorated TiO2 nanorods embedded in the active layer (2014) Nanoscale, 6, pp. 6180-6186Lin, Y.-Y., Interfacial nanostructuring on the performance of polymer/TiO2 nanorod bulk heterojunction solar cells (2009) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131, pp. 3644-3649Eom, S.H., Roles of interfacial modifiers in hybrid solar cells: Inorganic/polymer bilayer versus inorganic/polymer: Fullerene bulk heterojunction (2014) Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 6, pp. 803-810Ravirajan, P., Hybrid polymer/zinc oxide photovoltaic devices with vertically oriented ZnO nanorods and an amphiphilic molecular interface layer (2006) J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, pp. 7635-7639Abate, A., Protic ionic liquids as p-dopant for organic hole transporting materials and their application in high efficiency hybrid solar cells (2013) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 135, pp. 13538-13548Beaucage, G., Approximations leading to a unified exponential/power-law approach to small-angle scattering (1995) J. Appl. Cryst., 28, pp. 717-728Beaucage, G., Small-angle scattering from polymeric mass fractals of arbitrary mass-fractal dimension (1996) J. Appl. Cryst., 29, pp. 134-146Beaucage, G., Kammler, H.K., Pratsinis, S.E., Particle size distributions from smallangle scattering using global scattering functions (2004) J. Appl. Cryst., 37, pp. 523-535Khatri, I., Similar device architectures for inverted organic solar cell and laminated solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (2012) ISRN Electron., 10Choi, H.C., Jung, Y.M., Kim, S.B., Size effects in the Raman spectra of TiO2 nanoparticles (2005) Vib. Spectrosc., 37, pp. 33-38Li, G., Polymer self-organization enhances photovoltaic efficiency (2005) J. Appl. Phys., 98, p. 43704Salim, T., Solvent additives and their effects on blend morphologies of bulk heterojunctions (2011) J. Mater. Chem., 21, pp. 242-250Hwang, I.W., Carrier generation and transport in bulk heterojunction films processed with 1,8-octanedithiol as a processing additive (2008) J. Appl. Phys., 104, p. 033706Nguyen, H.Q., Synthesis and characterization of a polyisoprene-b-polystyrene-b-poly (3-hexylthiophene) triblock copolymer (2013) Polym. Chem., 4, pp. 462-465Prosa, T.J., X-ray structural studies of poly(3-alkylthiophenes): An example of an inverse comb (1992) Macromolecules, 25, p. 4364De Freitas, J.N., Connecting the (quantum) dots: Towards hybrid photovoltaic devices based on chalcogenide gels (2012) Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 14, pp. 15180-15184Yang, P., Identifying effects of TiO2 nanowires inside bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaics on charge diffusion and recombination (2014) J. Mater. Chem. C, 2, pp. 4922-4927Grancini, G., Boosting infrared light harvesting by molecular functionalization of metal oxide/polymer interfaces in efficient hybrid solar cells (2012) Adv. Funct. Mater., 22, pp. 2160-2166Liao, H.-C., Diketopyrrolopyrrole-based oligomer modified TiO2 nanorods for airstable and all solution processed poly(3-hexylthiophene): TiO2 bulk heterojunction inverted solar cell (2012) J. Mater. Chem., 22, pp. 10589-1059

BEZERRAS DE CORTE INFECTADAS NATURALMENTE COM PARASITAS GASTRINTESTINAIS EPIDEMIOLOGIA E TRATAMENTO SELETIVO

A severidade das infecções parasitárias depende em grande parte da quantidade e do tipo de parasita presente e do estado nutricional dos animais. O objetivo deste experimento foi associar o efeito da suplementação protéica e pastagem de alta qualidade com diferenças na resposta ao desafio parasitário em 36 novilhas de oito meses, naturalmente infectadas, durante 120 dias. Grupo I: pastagem (Avena strigosa e Lolium multiflorum); Grupo II: pastagem e níveis crescentes de suplemento (Triticum aestivum, farelo de trigo) de 0,3 a 1,5% do peso vivo (PV); Grupo III: pastagem e suplemento a 0,9% do PV e Grupo IV: pastagem e níveis decrescentes de suplemento. O grau de infecção parasitária foi determinado através da contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) e coprocultura. Animais com OPG acima de 600 foram tratados com levamisole (Ripercol®, Fort Dodge). A coprocultura revelou os gêneros Cooperia spp. e Trichostrongylus spp. O ganho de peso, o escore corporal e o nível parasitário foi semelhante entre os grupos. Foram administradas 24 doses de anti-helmíntico com baixo grau de repetibilidade dos animais. Determinou-se que o tratamento seletivo pode ser aplicado quando os animais dispõem de pastagem de alta qualidade e com baixo desafio parasitário, independente de suplementação alimentar. Naturally infected beef heifers with gastrintestinal parasites epidemiology and selective treatment Abstract The severity of parasite infections depends in part by the number and the parasite species as well as on the nutritional status of the host. The objective of this work was to determine the association between protein supplement and good quality pasture with parasite challenge infection in 36 naturally infected, 8 months old beef heifers during 120 days. Group I: pasture (Avena strigosa and Lolium multiflorum); Group II: pasture plus increasing levels of supplement (Triticum aestivum, wheat bran) from 0.3 to 1.5% of live weight (LW); Group III: pasture plus 0.9% LW of supplement; Group IV: pasture plus decreasing levels of supplement. Parasite infection was determined through fecal egg counts (EPG) and coproculture. All animals with EPG above 600 were treated with levamisole (Ripercol®, Fort Dodge). Coproculture displayed Cooperia sp. and Trichostrongylus sp. Weight gain, body condition score and parasite levels were similar among all groups. Twenty-four doses of the anthelmintic were administered with low animal repeatability. It was determined that the selective treatment may be used when animals have access to good quality pasture and a low parasite challenge, independently of the supplement offered

Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes among blood donors from mid-west region of Brazil

In order to investigate the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in mid-west region of Brazil, 250 anti-HCV positive blood donors were studied. Among them, the anti-HCV serological status was confirmed in 205 (82%). HCV RNA was detected in 165 samples, which were genotyped. HCV types 1, 2 and 3 were found in 67.9%, 3% and 29.1% of the donors, respectively. In Goiás state, subtype 1a (50%) was the most prevalent, followed by subtypes 3a (30.9%) and 1b (16.7%). In Mato Grosso state, subtype 1a was also predominant (41%), followed by subtypes 1b (29.5%) and 3a (25%). In Mato Grosso do Sul state, subtypes 1a and 1b were detected equally (36.8%), followed by 3a (21.1%). Subtype 2b was rare (2.4%, 4.5% and 5.3%, respectively). In Distrito Federal, subtype 3a (39%) was more frequent than 1a (31.7%) and the remaining (29.3%) belonged to subtype 1b.Com objetivo de determinar os genótipos do vírus da hepatite C (HCV) circulantes na Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, 250 doadores de sangue anti-HCV positivos foram estudados. Dentre eles, a positividade para anti-HCV foi confirmada em 205 (82%). O RNA-HCV foi detectado em 165 amostras, as quais foram genotipadas. Os tipos 1, 2 e 3 do HCV foram encontrados em 67,9%, 3% e 29,1% dos doadores, respectivamente. No Estado de Goiás, o subtipo 1a (50%) foi o mais prevalente, seguido pelos subtipos 3a (30,9%) e 1b (16,7%). No Estado de Mato Grosso, o subtipo 1a (41%) foi também predominante, seguido pelos subtipos 1b (29,5%) e 3a (25%). No Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, os subtipos 1a e 1b foram igualmente detectados (36,8%), seguidos por 3a (21,1%). O subtipo 2b foi raro (2,4%, 4,5% e 5,3%, respectivamente). No Distrito Federal, o subtipo 3a (39%) foi mais freqüente que 1a (31,7%), sendo o restante (29,3%) identificado como subtipo 1b

Influence Of Surface Treatments On Enamel Susceptibility To Staining By Cigarette Smoke

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of remineralizing agents, including artificial saliva, neutral fluoride, and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), on the susceptibility of bleached enamel to staining by cigarette smoke. Study design: Fifty bovine enamel blocks were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10): G1- bleaching; G2- bleaching and immersion in artificial saliva; G3- bleaching and application of CPP-ACP; G4- bleaching and application of neutral fluoride; and G5- untreated (Control). Teeth were bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide and treated with the appropriate remineralizing agent. After treatment, all groups were exposed to cigarette smoke. Enamel color measurements were performed at three different times: before treatment (T1), after treatment (bleaching and remineralizing agent) (T2), and after staining (T3), by using the CIE Lab method with a spectrophotometer. The data coordinate L* was evaluated by analysis of repeated-measures PROC MIXED and Tukey-Kramer's test, and the E values were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (a = 0.05). Results: The G1 group did not show any statistically significant difference for L* values between times T1 and T2. The G4 and G5 groups showed lower L* values at T3 compared to T2. No significant differences between the groups were observed for E (after treatment and staining). However, G4 showed a clinically apparent color change. Conclusions: Treatment of bleached enamel with neutral fluoride can contribute to the increased staining of enamel due to cigarette smoke. © Medicina Oral S. L. C.I.F. B 96689336 - eISSN: 1989-5488.54163168Lewinstein, I., Hirschfeld, Z., Stabholz, A., Rotstein, I., Effect of hydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate on the microhardness of human enamel and dentin (1994) J Endod., 20, pp. 61-3McEvoy, S.A., Chemical agents for removing intrinsic stains from vital teeth (1989) I. Technique development. Quintessence Int., 20, pp. 323-8Joiner, A., The bleaching of teeth: a review of the literature (2006) J Dent., 34, pp. 412-9Sulieman, M., An overview of bleaching techniques: I (2004) History, chemistry, safety and legal aspects. Dent Update., 31, pp. 608-10. , 612-4, 616McGuckin, R.S., Babin, J.F., Meyer, B.J., Alterations in human enamel surface morphology following vital bleaching (1992) J Prosthet Dent., 68, pp. 754-60Pinto, C.F., Oliveira, R.D., Cavalli, V., Giannini, M., Peroxide bleaching agent effects on enamel surface microhardness, roughness and morphology (2004) Braz Oral Res., 18, pp. 306-11Berger, S.B., Coelho, A.S., Oliveira, V.A., Cavalli, V., Giannini, M., Enamel susceptibility to red wine staining after 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching (2008) J Appl Oral Sci., 16, pp. 201-4Setien, V., Roshan, S., Cala, C., Ramirez, R., Pigmentation susceptibility of teeth after bleaching with 2 systems: an in vitro study (2009) Quintessence Int., 40, pp. 47-52Ernst, C.P., Marroquín, B.B., Willershausen-Zönnchen, B., Effects of hydrogen peroxide-containing bleaching agents on the morphology of human enamel (1996) Quintessence Int., 27, pp. 53-6Josey, A.L., Meyers, I.A., Romaniuk, K., Symons, A.L., The effect of a vital bleaching technique on enamel surface morphology and the bonding of composite resin to enamel (1996) J Oral Rehabil., 23, pp. 244-50Attin, T., Kielbassa, A.M., Schwanenberg, M., Hellwig, E., Effect of fluoride treatment on remineralization of bleached enamel (1997) J Oral Rehabil., 24, pp. 282-6Serra, M.C., Cury, J.A., The in vitro effect of glass-ionomer cement restoration on enamel subjected to a demineralization and remineralization model (1992) Quintessence Int., 23, pp. 143-7ten Cate, J.M., Review on fluoride, with special emphasis on calcium fluoride mechanisms in caries prevention (1997) Eur J Oral Sci., 105, pp. 461-5Reynolds, E.C., Cai, F., Cochrane, N.J., Shen, P., Walker, G.D., Morgan, M.V., Fluoride and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (2008) J Dent Res., 87, pp. 344-8Cochrane, N.J., Cai, F., Huq, N.L., Burrow, M.F., Reynolds, E.C., New approaches to enhanced remineralization of tooth enamel (2010) J Dent Res., 89, pp. 1187-97Ferreira Sda, S., Araújo, J.L., Morhy, O.N., Tapety, C.M., Youssef, M.N., Sobral, M.A., The effect of fluoride therapies on the morphology of bleached human dental enamel (2011) Microsc Res Tech., 74, pp. 512-6Hamba, H., Nikaido, T., Inoue, G., Sadr, A., Tagami, J., Effects of CPPACP with sodium fluoride on inhibition of bovine enamel demineralization: a quantitative assessment using micro-computed tomography (2011) J Dent., 39, pp. 405-13Weir, A., Westerhoff, P., Fabricius, L., Hristovski, K., von Goetz, N., Titanium dioxide nanoparticles in food and personal care products (2012) Environ Sci Technol., 46, pp. 2242-50Cunha, A.G., De Vasconcelos, A.A., Borges, B.C., Vitoriano Jde, O., Alves-Junior, C., Machado, C.T., Efficacy of in-office bleaching techniques combined with the application of a casein phosphopeptideamorphous calcium phosphate paste at different moments and its influence on enamel surface properties (2012) Microsc Res Tech., 75, pp. 1019- 25Cavalli, V., Rodrigues, L.K., Paes-Leme, A.F., Brancalion, M.L., Arruda, M.A., Berger, S.B., Effects of bleaching agents containing fluoride and calcium on human enamel (2010) Quintessence Int., 41, pp. e157-65Liporoni, P.C., Souto, C.M., Pazinatto, R.B., Cesar, I.C., de Rego, M.A., Mathias, P., Enamel susceptibility to coffee and red wine staining at different intervals elapsed from bleaching: a photoreflectance spectrophotometry analysis (2010) Photomed Laser Surg., 28, pp. S105-9Rotstein, I., Dankner, E., Goldman, A., Heling, I., Stabholz, A., Zalkind, M., Histochemical analysis of dental hard tissues following bleaching (1996) J Endod., 22, pp. 23-5Cakir, F.Y., Korkmaz, Y., Firat, E., Oztas, S.S., Gurgan, S., Chemical analysis of enamel and dentin following the application of three different at-home bleaching systems (2011) Oper Dent., 36, pp. 529-36Kwon, Y.H., Huo, M.S., Kim, K.H., Kim, S.K., Kim, Y.J., Effects of hydrogen peroxide on the light reflectance and morphology of bovine enamel (2002) J Oral Rehabil., 29, pp. 473-7Gomes, M.N., Francci, C., Medeiros, I.S., De Godoy Froes Salgado, N.R., Riehl, H., Marasca, J.M., Effect of light irradiation on tooth whitening: enamel microhardness and color change (2009) J Esthet Restor Dent., 21, pp. 387-94Singh, R.D., Ram, S.M., Shetty, O., Chand, P., Yadav, R., Efficacy of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate to prevent stain absorption on freshly bleached enamel: An in vitro study (2010) J Conserv Dent., 13, pp. 76-

Lepton flavor violation decays τ−→μ−P1P2\tau^-\to \mu^- P_1 P_2 in the topcolor-assisted technicolor model and the littlest Higgs model with TT parity

The new particles predicted by the topcolor-assisted technicolor ($TC2$) model and the littlest Higgs model with T-parity (called $LHT$ model) can induce the lepton flavor violation ($LFV$) couplings at tree level or one loop level, which might generate large contributions to some $LFV$ processes. Taking into account the constraints of the experimental data on the relevant free parameters, we calculate the branching ratios of the $LFV$ decay processes $\tau^-\to\mu^- P_1 P_2$ with $P_1 P_2$ = $\pi^+\pi^-$, $K^+K^-$ and $K^0\bar{K^0}$ in the context of these two kinds of new physics models. We find that the $TC2$ model and the $LHT$ model can indeed produce significant contributions to some of these $LFV$ decay processes.Comment: 24 pages, 7 figure

Multimessenger astronomy with the Einstein Telescope

Gravitational waves (GWs) are expected to play a crucial role in the development of multimessenger astrophysics. The combination of GW observations with other astrophysical triggers, such as from gamma-ray and X-ray satellites, optical/radio telescopes, and neutrino detectors allows us to decipher science that would otherwise be inaccessible. In this paper, we provide a broad review from the multimessenger perspective of the science reach offered by the third generation interferometric GW detectors and by the Einstein Telescope (ET) in particular. We focus on cosmic transients, and base our estimates on the results obtained by ET's predecessors GEO, LIGO, and Virgo.Comment: 26 pages. 3 figures. Special issue of GRG on the Einstein Telescope. Minor corrections include

Baseline characteristics and risk factors for ulcer, amputation and severe neuropathy in diabetic foot at risk: the brazupa study

CNPQ – CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOStudies on diabetic foot and its complications involving a significant and representative sample of patients in South American countries are scarce. The main objective of this study was to acquire clinical and epidemiological data on a large cohort of diabetic patients from 19 centers from Brazil and focus on factors that could be associated with the risk of ulcer and amputation. Methods: This study presents cross sectional, Baseline results of the BRAZUPA Study. A total of 1455 patients were included. Parameters recorded included age, gender, ethnicity, diabetes and comorbidity-related records, previous ulcer or amputation, clinical symptomatic score, foot classification and microvascular complications. Results: Patients with ulcer had longer disease duration (17.2 +/- 9.9 vs. 13.2 +/- 9.4 years; p < 0.001), and poorer glycemic control (HbA1c 9.23 +/- 2.03 vs. 8.35 +/- 1.99; p < 0.001). Independent risk factors for ulcer were male gender (OR 1.71; 95 % CI 1.2-3.7), smoking (OR 1.78; 95 % CI 1.09-2.89), neuroischemic foot (OR 20.34; 95 % CI 9.31-44.38), region of origin (higher risk for those from developed regions, OR 2.39; 95 % CI 1.47-3.87), presence of retinopathy (OR 1.68; 95 % CI 1.08-2.62) and absence of vibratory sensation (OR 7.95; 95 % CI 4.65-13.59). Risk factors for amputation were male gender (OR 2.12; 95 % CI 1.2-3.73), type 2 diabetes (OR 3.33; 95 % CI 1.01-11.1), foot at risk classification (higher risk for ischemic foot, OR 19.63; 95 % CI 3.43-112.5), hypertension (lower risk, OR 0.3; 95 % CI 0.14-0.63), region of origin (South/Southeast, OR 2.2; 95 % CI 1.1-4.42), previous history of ulcer (OR 9.66; 95 % CI 4.67-19.98) and altered vibratory sensation (OR 3.46; 95 % CI 1.64-7.33). There was no association between either outcome and ethnicity. Conclusions: Ulcer and amputation rates were high. Age at presentation was low and patients with ulcer presented a higher prevalence of neuropathy compared to ischemic foot at risk. Ischemic disease was more associated with amputations. Ethnical differences were not of great importance in a miscegenated population825CNPQ – CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOCNPQ – CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOsem informaçã