Yield parameters of maize crop in response to nitrogen fertilization, application of chemical fungicides and inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los efectos de la fertilización nitrogenada sobre los parámetros de producción del cultivo de maíz en cultivos tempranos (Brasil - zafra principal) y tardíos (zafra secundaria), a partir de semillas inoculadas con T. harzianum o tratadas con fungicidas químicos. El experimento en cultivo temprano fue instalado en DBC, utilizando parcelas divididas. El factor de las parcelas se atribuyó a la aplicación de dosis de nitrógeno en cobertura (0, 60, 90 y 120 kg ha-1). La parcela secundaria se caracterizó por la presencia y ausencia de aplicación de fungicidas Captan® y Maxim® y la presencia y ausencia de la inoculación con T. harzianum en las semillas. En el experimento con cultivo tardío el diseño experimental fue el mismo, cambiando sólo el factor de la parcela secundaria. En el cultivo temprano hubo diferencias en la productividad del híbrido DKB747 debido la aplicación de nitrógeno. En cultivo tardío se han producido diferencias de las dosis de nitrógeno en las características de altura de la planta y peso del grano y el factor fungicida ha modificado el peso de los granos. Cuanto al híbrido AG7575, se verificó efecto de las dosis de nitrógeno en la productividad y el peso del grano, el factor fungicida alteró las características de productividad, mientras que el factor inóculo sólo cambió la productividad en lo experimento con cultivo temprano. En general, los parámetros productivos del maíz son potencializados con la inoculación de la semilla con T. harzianum. No se recomienda el uso de dosis de nitrógeno por encima de las ya recomendados para el máximo potencial de producción del híbrido.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of nitrogen fertilization on yield parameters of the maize crop in season and off-season, originated from the seed inoculated with Trichoderma harzianum or treated with chemical fungicides. The experiment was installed in RBD using subdivided plots. The factor of the plots was attributed to the application of nitrogen doses in cover (0, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1). The subplot was characterized by the presence and absence of application of the fungicides Captan® and Maxim® and the presence and absence of inoculation with T. harzianum seed. The experimental design used in the off season was the same used in the season, changing only the factorial in the subplot. There were differences in the DKB747 hybrid yield through the application of nitrogen during the season. In off-season there were differences of the nitrogen doses in the characteristics of plant height and grain weight, because the fungicide factor altered the grain weight. As for the AG7575 hybrid, there was no effect of the nitrogen doses on yield and grain weight; the fungicide factor altered the yield characteristics, while the inoculum factor only changed the yield factor during the season. In general, the parameters of maize crop production are enhanced with inoculation of the seeds with T. harzianum. It is not recommended to use nitrogen doses above of the recommended for maximum yield potential of the hybrid.Objetivou-se verificar os efeitos da adubação nitrogenada em parâmetros produtivos da cultura do milho, em safra e safrinha, proveniente de sementes inoculadas com T. harzianum ou tratadas com fungicidas químicos. O experimento em safra foi instalado em DBC, utilizando-se parcelas subdivididas. O fator das parcelas foi atribuído à aplicação de doses de nitrogênio em cobertura (0, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1). A subparcela foi caracterizada pela presença e ausência de aplicação dos fungicidas Captan® e Maxim® e presença e ausência de inoculação com T. harzianum das sementes. O delineamento experimental utilizado em safrinha foi o mesmo do plantio em safra, alterando-se apenas o fatorial na subparcela. Houve diferença na produtividade do híbrido DKB747 pela aplicação de doses de nitrogênio durante a safra. Em safrinha verificaram-se diferenças das doses de nitrogênio nas características de altura da planta e peso de grãos e o fator fungicida alterou o peso de grãos. Quanto ao híbrido AG7575, verificou-se efeito das doses de nitrogênio na produtividade e peso de grãos; o fator fungicida alterou as características de produtividade, enquanto o fator inóculo alterou apenas a produtividade durante a safra. De maneira geral, os parâmetros produtivos da cultura do milho são potencializados com a inoculação das sementes com T. harzianum. Não se recomenda utilizar doses de nitrogênio acima das preconizadas para o potencial máximo de produção do híbrido.

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

CARACTERÍSTICAS DA CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR IN NATURA E HIDROLISADA COM CAL VIRGEM EM DIFERENTES TEMPOS DE ESTOCAGEM

Our objective was to evaluate the chemical composit ion and in vitro digestibility of dry matter of hydrolyzed sugar cane in different storage times . We conducted the trial in the Forage Sector at UN IFENAS, campus of Alfenas (MG) in 2010. The data were analy zed as completely randomized design in factorial sc heme 2 (sugar cane without lime and hydrolyzed with 1.0% of lime, basis of fresh matter) x 6 (six times of storage: 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours), with three replicate s. The sugar cane stored without lime showed lower dry mat- ter (DM), crude protein, neutral detergent fiber an d acid detergent fiber contents compared to hydroly zed sugar cane. However, the hydrolyzed sugar cane showed hig her contents of organic matter (OM) and total diges tible nutrients. We reported higher in vitro digestibility of DM and OM when the sugar cane was not hydrolyzed. This can be explaining by better chemical compositi on of sugar cane without lime. The storage of sugar cane without lime shows results more interesting because the chemical composition and digestibility is bett er than hydrolyzed sugar cane. So, we not recommended using lime on the sugar cane. Moreover, the sugar cane w ith- out lime can be stored until 96 hours after cut

COMPOSIÇÃO QUÍMICO-BROMATOLÓGICA DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR HIDROLISADA COM CAL VIRGEM

Through this research work, evaluating the chemical-bromatologic composition of in natura sugar cane as related to hydrolysis with whitewash. The work was conducted in the Forage Culture Sector of the Animal Science College at José do Rosário Vellano University (UNIFENAS), campus of Alfenas (MG). The experimental design utilized was the completely randomized in a factorial arrangement 4x5, four doses of whitewash were studied (0.0; 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0% on the basis of natural matter) in five times aerobic exposure (0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours), with four replicates. The addition of whitewash to sugar cane promoted lower temperatures till 12 hours of storage, from this point on, there no further effects of whitewash upon temperature control. The content of dry matter and ashes increased linearly with addition of whitewash, while protein content decreased. Whitewash promote no fall in the contents of water-neutral detergent-insoluble fiber and lignin, nevertheless, the contents of acid detergent insoluble fiber decreased, with more forceful when using 0.5 and 2.0% of whitewash. The use of whitewash in the hydrolysis of sugar cane alters the chemical bromatologic composition, however, the use of this additive is unjustified, because is not effect positive on the fiber content. The sugar cane in natura and hydrolyzed present the best composition immediately after the desintegration

Consumo e digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes em ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes quantidades de farelo de linhaça

The aim of this research was to evaluate the intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients in sheep fed with diets containing different amounts of linseed meal. The treatments evaluated were: corn silage exclusive (control); corn silage + concentrate; corn silage + concentrate + 5% of linseed meal; corn silage + concentrate + 10% of linseed meal. The dry matter (DM) intake has increased in diets containing concentrated if compared to diet exclusively with corn silage (P<0.05), however, there was no effect of the inclusion of linseed meal in diets (0; 5 and 10%). As it was expected, the diets containing 5 and 10% of linseed meal resulted in an increase of ether extract (EE) intake. A higher apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in the animals fed with diets containing the concentrate was observed, independently of linseed meal proportion. According to the experimental conditions under which the experiment was developed, itis recommended to provide the diets containing until 5% of linseed meal, because there is no negative effect on dry matter and nutrients intake, as well as on apparent digestibility.Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o consumo e digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes em ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes quantidades de farelo de linhaça. Avaliaramse quatro dietas: silagem de milho exclusiva - SM; SM + concentrado; SM + concentrado + 5% de farelo de linhaça - FL; SM + concentrado +10% de FL. O consumo de matéria seca (MS) aumentou nas dietas contendo concentrado quando comparado à dieta com silagem de milho exclusiva (P<0,05), entretanto, não houve efeito da inclusão de farelo de linhaça nas dietas (0; 5 e 10%). Como esperado, as dietas contendo 5 e 10% de farelo de linhaça promoveram aumento no consumo de extrato etéreo (EE). Verificou-se maior digestibilidade aparente da MS, matéria orgânica (MO) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) nos animais alimentados com dietas contendo concentrado, independente da proporção de farelo de linhaça. De acordo com as condições experimentais em que foi desenvolvido o trabalho, recomenda-se fornecer as dietas com quantidades de até 5% de farelo de linhaça, pois não há efeito negativo sobre o consumo de matéria seca e de nutrientes, assim como sobre a digestibilidade aparente

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, DIGESTIBILITY AND AEROBIC STABILITY OF CORN SILAGES HARVESTED AT DIFFERENT MATURITY STAGES

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of corn plant harvested in diferente ma-turity stages on the chemical composition, digestibility and aerobic stability of silages. The corn used in the study was the hybrid BM3061 harvested after 114, 121, 126, 133 and 140 days of sowing at five maturity stag-es based on the advancement of the grain milk line (early dent (ED), 1/3 of milk line (ML), 1/2 ML, 2/3 ML and black layer (BL)). A variation from 242.7 to 377.4 g of dry matter (DM) kg-1as fed was observed between the ED and BL stages; however, the measurements performed in this study did not exhibited major changes in the composition of these silages. The silages produced with plants that were harvested at the 1/2 ML, 2/3 ML and BL stages showed lower DM loss during the fermentative process. The silages produced with plants that were harvested at the ED and 1/3 ML stages showed higher in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) (0.584 and 0.631 g g-1 of OM, respectively). The corn silages produced at the maturity stage of 2/3 ML showed a higher aerobic stability (104 hours) during the aerobic exposure. The 1/3 and 2/3 ML maturity stages seem to be the best harvest stages for the production of corn silage in tropical climates