2,311 research outputs found
Towards Deconstruction of the Type D (2,0) Theory
We propose a four-dimensional supersymmetric theory that deconstructs, in a
particular limit, the six-dimensional theory of type . This 4d
theory is defined by a necklace quiver with alternating gauge nodes
and . We test this proposal by comparing the
6d half-BPS index to the Higgs branch Hilbert series of the 4d theory. In the
process, we overcome several technical difficulties, such as Hilbert series
calculations for non-complete intersections, and the choice of
versus gauge groups. Consistently, the result matches the Coulomb
branch formula for the mirror theory upon reduction to 3d
Origin of chemically distinct discs in the Auriga cosmological simulations
The stellar disc of the Milky Way shows complex spatial and abundance structure that is central to understanding the key physical mechanisms responsible for shaping our Galaxy. In this study, we use six very high resolution cosmological zoom-in simulations of Milky Way-sized haloes to study the prevalence and formation of chemically distinct disc components. We find that our simulations develop a clearly bimodal distribution in the [α/Fe]–[Fe/H] plane. We find two main pathways to creating this dichotomy, which operate in different regions of the galaxies: (a) an early (z > 1) and intense high-[α/Fe] star formation phase in the inner region (R ≲ 5 kpc) induced by gas-rich mergers, followed by more quiescent low-[α/Fe] star formation; and (b) an early phase of high-[α/Fe] star formation in the outer disc followed by a shrinking of the gas disc owing to a temporarily lowered gas accretion rate, after which disc growth resumes. In process (b), a double-peaked star formation history around the time and radius of disc shrinking accentuates the dichotomy. If the early star formation phase is prolonged (rather than short and intense), chemical evolution proceeds as per process (a) in the inner region, but the dichotomy is less clear. In the outer region, the dichotomy is only evident if the first intense phase of star formation covers a large enough radial range before disc shrinking occurs; otherwise, the outer disc consists of only low-[α/Fe] sequence stars. We discuss the implication that both processes occurred in the Milky Way
Galilean quantum gravity with cosmological constant and the extended q-Heisenberg algebra
We define a theory of Galilean gravity in 2+1 dimensions with cosmological
constant as a Chern-Simons gauge theory of the doubly-extended Newton-Hooke
group, extending our previous study of classical and quantum gravity in 2+1
dimensions in the Galilean limit. We exhibit an r-matrix which is compatible
with our Chern-Simons action (in a sense to be defined) and show that the
associated bi-algebra structure of the Newton-Hooke Lie algebra is that of the
classical double of the extended Heisenberg algebra. We deduce that, in the
quantisation of the theory according to the combinatorial quantisation
programme, much of the quantum theory is determined by the quantum double of
the extended q-deformed Heisenberg algebra.Comment: 22 page
The diversity of the circumgalactic medium around z = 0 Milky Way-mass galaxies from the Auriga simulations
Galaxies are surrounded by massive gas reservoirs (i.e. the circumgalactic medium; CGM) which play a key role in their evolution. The properties of the CGM, which are dependent on a variety of internal and environmental factors, are often inferred from absorption line surveys which rely on a limited number of single lines-of-sight. In this work we present an analysis of 28 galaxy haloes selected from the Auriga project, a cosmological magnetohydrodynamical zoom-in simulation suite of isolated Milky Way-mass galaxies, to understand the impact of CGM diversity on observational studies. Although the Auriga haloes are selected to populate a narrow range in halo mass, our work demonstrates that the CGM of L galaxies is extremely diverse: column densities of commonly observed species span ∼3 − 4 dex and their covering fractions range from ∼5 to 90 per cent. Despite this diversity, we identify the following correlations: 1) the covering fractions (CF) of hydrogen and metals of the Auriga haloes positively correlate with stellar mass, 2) the CF of H I, C IV, and Si II anticorrelate with active galactic nucleus luminosity due to ionization effects, and 3) the CF of H I, C IV, and Si II positively correlate with galaxy disc fraction due to outflows populating the CGM with cool and dense gas. The Auriga sample demonstrates striking diversity within the CGM of L galaxies, which poses a challenge for observations reconstructing CGM characteristics from limited samples, and also indicates that long-term merger assembly history and recent star formation are not the dominant sculptors of the CGM
The Structure of n-Point One-Loop Open Superstring Amplitudes
In this article we present the worldsheet integrand for one-loop amplitudes
in maximally supersymmetric superstring theory involving any number n of
massless open string states. The polarization dependence is organized into the
same BRST invariant kinematic combinations which also govern the leading string
correction to tree level amplitudes. The dimensions of the bases for both the
kinematics and the associated worldsheet integrals is found to be the unsigned
Stirling number S_3^{n-1} of first kind. We explain why the same combinatorial
structures govern on the one hand finite one-loop amplitudes of equal helicity
states in pure Yang Mills theory and on the other hand the color tensors at
quadratic alpha prime order of the color dressed tree amplitude.Comment: 75 pp, 8 figs, harvmac TeX, v2: published versio
Accurate reconstruction of insertion-deletion histories by statistical phylogenetics
The Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) is a computational abstraction that
represents a partial summary either of indel history, or of structural
similarity. Taking the former view (indel history), it is possible to use
formal automata theory to generalize the phylogenetic likelihood framework for
finite substitution models (Dayhoff's probability matrices and Felsenstein's
pruning algorithm) to arbitrary-length sequences. In this paper, we report
results of a simulation-based benchmark of several methods for reconstruction
of indel history. The methods tested include a relatively new algorithm for
statistical marginalization of MSAs that sums over a stochastically-sampled
ensemble of the most probable evolutionary histories. For mammalian
evolutionary parameters on several different trees, the single most likely
history sampled by our algorithm appears less biased than histories
reconstructed by other MSA methods. The algorithm can also be used for
alignment-free inference, where the MSA is explicitly summed out of the
analysis. As an illustration of our method, we discuss reconstruction of the
evolutionary histories of human protein-coding genes.Comment: 28 pages, 15 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with
arXiv:1103.434
Age-dependent response of murine female bone marrow cells to hyperbaric oxygen
Consequences of age on the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on bone marrow (BM) derived stem cells and progenitors (SCPs) are largely unknown. We treated 2- and 18-month old C57BL/6 female mice by HBO. Hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors, enumerated as colony-forming units in culture, were doubled only in peripheral leukocytes and BM cells of young mice receiving HBO. In old mice colony-forming unit fibroblast numbers, a measure of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from BM, were high but unaffected by HBO. To further explore this finding, in BM-MSCs we quantified the transcripts of adipocyte early-differentiation genes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-β and fatty-acid binding protein 4; these transcripts were not affected by age or HBO. However, osteoblast gene transcripts runt-related transcription factor 2, osterix (OSX) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were twofold to 20-fold more abundant in MSCs from old control mice relative to those of young control mice. HBO affected expression of osteoblast markers only in old MSCs (OSX gene expression was reduced by twofold and AP expression was increased threefold). Our data demonstrate the impact of aging on the response of BM SCPs to HBO and indicate the potentially different age-related benefit of HBO in wound healing and tissue remodeling
Star-forming cores embedded in a massive cold clump: Fragmentation, collapse and energetic outflows
The fate of massive cold clumps, their internal structure and collapse need
to be characterised to understand the initial conditions for the formation of
high-mass stars, stellar systems, and the origin of associations and clusters.
We explore the onset of star formation in the 75 M_sun SMM1 clump in the region
ISOSS J18364-0221 using infrared and (sub-)millimetre observations including
interferometry. This contracting clump has fragmented into two compact cores
SMM1 North and South of 0.05 pc radius, having masses of 15 and 10 M_sun, and
luminosities of 20 and 180 L_sun. SMM1 South harbours a source traced at 24 and
70um, drives an energetic molecular outflow, and appears supersonically
turbulent at the core centre. SMM1 North has no infrared counterparts and shows
lower levels of turbulence, but also drives an outflow. Both outflows appear
collimated and parsec-scale near-infrared features probably trace the
outflow-powering jets. We derived mass outflow rates of at least 4E-5 M_sun/yr
and outflow timescales of less than 1E4 yr. Our HCN(1-0) modelling for SMM1
South yielded an infall velocity of 0.14 km/s and an estimated mass infall rate
of 3E-5 M_sun/yr. Both cores may harbour seeds of intermediate- or high-mass
stars. We compare the derived core properties with recent simulations of
massive core collapse. They are consistent with the very early stages dominated
by accretion luminosity.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ, 14 pages, 7 figure
Sustainable use and commercialisation of bushmeat in Colombia: Toward the operationalization of legal frameworks
Key points • Under Colombian law, the sale of game to cover basic needs (e.g. housing, health, education) or to buy other food items is not allowed, since this is considered commercial hunting and does not fall under provisions allowing for subsistence bushmeat hunting. • Law 611 (2000) opened the path to legal commercial use of wildlife. In practice, however, the requirements for obtaining legal permits for commercial hunting activities make it extremely challenging for rural communities to obtain them. • Aware of the role that bushmeat plays in food security, family economy and cultural identity among many rural communities, a number of high-profile Colombian environmental institutions participated in a workshop in 2015 to discuss the operationalisation of the legal framework for the trade in bushmeat by rural communities. • One of the main conclusions of the workshop was that commercial hunting regulations need to legally distinguish between large-scale commercial hunting and the sale of surplus game by subsistence hunters in rural communities. Indeed, these two types of commercial hunting differ in terms of the scale of action, the governance systems in place and the ways in which benefits are equitably distributed among different actors. • The main recommendation was that the regulatory framework should adopt flexible management processes for the local development of sustainable management rules (e.g. list of tradable species, quotas, open seasons, monitoring and evaluation systems). This would allow for the recognition of the specificities of each socio-ecological context, rather than imposing a national-level framework that would likely fail, given Colombia’s diverse biological and cultural characteristics
The star formation histories of dwarf galaxies in Local Group cosmological simulations
We use the APOSTLE and Auriga cosmological simulations to study the star formation histories (SFHs) of field and satellite dwarf galaxies. Despite sizeable galaxy-to-galaxy scatter, the SFHs of APOSTLE and Auriga dwarfs exhibit robust average trends with galaxy stellar mass: faint field dwarfs (105 < Mstar/M☉ < 106) have, on average, steadily declining SFHs, whereas brighter dwarfs (107 < Mstar/M☉ < 109) show the opposite trend. Intermediate-mass dwarfs have roughly constant SFHs. Satellites exhibit similar average trends, but with substantially suppressed star formation in the most recent ∼5 Gyr, likely as a result of gas loss due to tidal and ram-pressure stripping after entering the haloes of their primaries. These simple mass and environmental trends are in good agreement with the derived SFHs of Local Group (LG) dwarfs whose photometry reaches the oldest main-sequence turn-off. SFHs of galaxies with less deep data show deviations from these trends, but this may be explained, at least in part, by the large galaxy-to-galaxy scatter, the limited sample size, and the large uncertainties of the inferred SFHs. Confirming the predicted mass and environmental trends will require deeper photometric data than currently available, especially for isolated dwarfs
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