Assessing the Influence of Salmon Farming through Total Lipids, Fatty Acids, and Trace Elements in the Liver and Muscle of Wild Saithe Pollachius virens

Saithe Pollachius virens are attracted to uneaten salmon feed underneath cages at open-cage salmon farms in Norway. The aggregated Saithe have modified their feeding habits as they have switched from wild prey to uneaten food pellets, which could lead to physiological and biochemical changes in the Saithe. Variations in profiles of total lipids, fatty acids, and trace elements in Saithe liver and muscle were measured to evaluate the influence of fish feed from salmon farms on wild Saithe populations. Farm-aggregated Saithe had higher fat content in liver tissues than did individuals captured more than 25 km away from farms, but no clear differences were found in muscle tissues. High proportions of fatty acids of terrestrial origin, such as oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids, in liver and muscle tissues of farm-aggregated Saithe reflected the presence of wild Saithe at farms. Accordingly, low proportions of arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids in Saithe tissues mirrored the feeding activity at farms. Variations in specific trace element signatures among fish groups also revealed the farming influence on wild Saithe. High levels of Fe, As, Se, Zn, and B in liver, but also As, B, Li, Hg, and Sr in muscle of Saithe captured away from farms indicated the absence of feeding at farms.This study was part of the project “Evaluation of actions to promote sustainable coexistence between salmon culture and coastal fisheries – ProCoEx” funded by The Norwegian Seafood Research Fund (FHF). The study was also supported by the Norwegian Research Council through the EcoCoast project

Solution structure of the N-terminal domain of a potential copper-translocating P-type ATPase from Bacillus subtilis in the apo and Cu(I) loaded states.

A putative partner of the already characterized CopZ from Bacillus subtilis was found, both proteins being encoded by genes located in the same operon. This new protein is highly homologous to eukaryotic and prokaryotic P-type ATPases such as CopA, Ccc2 and Menkes proteins. The N-terminal region of this protein contains two soluble domains constituted by amino acid residues 1 to 72 and 73 to 147, respectively, which were expressed both separately and together. In both cases only the 73-147 domain is folded and is stable both in the copper(I)-free and in the copper(I)-bound forms. The folded and unfolded state is monitored through the chemical shift dispersion of 15N-HSQC spectra. In the absence of any structural characterization of CopA-type proteins, we determined the structure of the 73-147 domain in the 1-151 construct in the apo state through 1H, 15N and 13C NMR spectroscopies. The structure of the Cu(I)-loaded 73-147 domain has been also determined in the construct 73-151. About 1300 meaningful NOEs and 90 dihedral angles were used to obtain structures at high resolution both for the Cu(I)-bound and the Cu(I)-free states (backbone RMSD to the mean 0.35(+/-0.06) A and 0.39(+/-0.07) A, respectively). The structural assessment shows that the structures are accurate. The protein has the typical betaalpha(betabeta)alphabeta folding with a cysteine in the C-terminal part of helix alpha1 and the other cysteine in loop 1. The structures are similar to other proteins involved in copper homeostasis. Particularly, between BsCopA and BsCopZ, only the charges located around loop 1 are reversed for BsCopA and BsCopZ, thus suggesting that the two proteins could interact one with the other. The variability in conformation displayed by the N-terminal cysteine of the CXXC motif in a number of structures of copper transporting proteins suggests that this may be the cysteine which binds first to the copper(I) carried by the partner protein

DTA curves for the compost samples of piles A, B and C.

<p>Black line corresponds to the samples at the initial phase of the composting process and the grey line corresponds to the mature composts.</p

Relative absorbance in % of the sum of all the peak heights of the FT-IR spectra of the composting samples.

<p>^a Days in brackets.</p><p>I: initial phase of composting; T: thermophilic phase of composting; E: end of the bio-oxidative phase; M: maturity phase.</p><p>Relative absorbance in % of the sum of all the peak heights of the FT-IR spectra of the composting samples.</p

DTG curves for the compost samples of piles A, B and C.

<p>Black line corresponds to the samples at the initial phase of the composting process and the grey line corresponds to the mature composts.</p

CPMAS ¹³C-NMR spectra of the samples of piles A, B and C during composting.

<p>Beginning (solid line) and end (dotted line).</p

Main physico-chemical and chemical characteristics of the raw materials used in the composting piles (dry matter basis).

<p>EGM: exhausted grape marc; GM: grape marc; CM: cattle manure; PM: poultry manure. EC: electrical conductivity; OM: organic matter; TOC: total organic carbon; TN: total nitrogen; WSC: water-soluble C; WSPOL: water-soluble polyphenols. Values reported as mean ± standard error (n = 3).</p><p>Main physico-chemical and chemical characteristics of the raw materials used in the composting piles (dry matter basis).</p

FTIR spectra of the samples of pile C during the composting process.

<p>Initial stage (black line) and maturity stage (grey line).</p