Measuring the transition to homogeneity with photometric redshift surveys

We study the possibility of detecting the transition to homogeneity using photometric redshift catalogs. Our method is based on measuring the fractality of the projected galaxy distribution, using angular distances, and relies only on observable quantites. It thus provides a way to test the Cosmological Principle in a model-independent unbiased way. We have tested our method on different synthetic inhomogeneous catalogs, and shown that it is capable of discriminating some fractal models with relatively large fractal dimensions, in spite of the loss of information due to the radial projection. We have also studied the influence of the redshift bin width, photometric redshift errors, bias, non-linear clustering, and surveyed area, on the angular homogeneity index H2 ({\theta}) in a {\Lambda}CDM cosmology. The level to which an upcoming galaxy survey will be able to constrain the transition to homogeneity will depend mainly on the total surveyed area and the compactness of the surveyed region. In particular, a Dark Energy Survey (DES)-like survey should be able to easily discriminate certain fractal models with fractal dimensions as large as D2 = 2.95. We believe that this method will have relevant applications for upcoming large photometric redshift surveys, such as DES or the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST).Comment: 14 pages, 14 figure

Estudio preliminar sobre algunas rocas volcánicas y volcano-sedimentarias de la provincia de Huelva

Se ha realizado una primera clasificación de algunas rocas volcánicas del Norte de la provincia de Huelva, con base geoquímica. De acuerdo con ésta, se apuntan algunas posibilidades genéticas

Inclusiones fluidas en el yacimiento aurífero de "El Cabaco" provincia de Salamanca

[Resumen] En este estudio se caracterizan las inclusiones fluidas en filones de cuarzo del área mineralizada de El Cabaco, asociados al granito hercínico de La Alberca-Sequeros en su borde noroccidental (Sur de la provincia de Salamanca). En los filones mineralizados, a lo largo de los planos de crecimiento del cuarzo, se han observado dos tipos principales de inclusiones fluidas desde un punto de vista composiciona1. Uno de ellos (tipo A) es rico en CH4, con cantidades menores de C02, y el otro (tipo B) es rico en H20 con C02 (± CH4). Estos datos se interpretan como el resultado de un fenómeno de inmiscibilidad de un fluido inicial rico en H20-CH4 y con algo de C02. También se han observado otras inclusiones (tipo C), grandes y abundantes (claramente secundarias) principalmente de dos fases, ricas en H20 y a veces con inclusiones minerales. En las zonas silicificadas o de greisen en torno a los filones, así como en un dique granítico, las inclusiones fluidas tienen una composición similar a la de los cuarzos filonianos. Sin embargo se han deducido temperaturas en formación de 485 ± 15°C para el dique granítico y el greisen y presiones algo menores a 1 Kb; los filones de cuarzo se formaron a temperaturas que no exceden 386°C y presiones menores de < 300 bares.[Abstract] This study characterizes fluid inclusions in veins associated with the emplacement of granite-hosted gold mineralization in the southern pan of the Province of Salamanca Spain. Within the mineralized veins, along planes of quanz growth, two main different compositional types of fluid inclusions were observed. One type (A) is rich in CH4, with minar C02, and the type (B) is rich in H20 with C02 (± CH4). These are interpreted as reflecting the inmiscibility of an initial fluid rich in H20CH4 and sorne C02. Large and abundant (cleary secondary) mainly two phase H20 rich inclusions (Type C) have seen observed also. Similar composition inclusion are seen in the granite cross-cutting vein mineralization and in the silification with mineralization of the greisen formed in a gra nitie dike. However, differenees regardin P-T conditions of formation have been dedueed from the interseetion of the isoehores obtained in the mierothermometrie study of the inclusions. These are eonsistent with the temperatures ealculated from the arsenopyrite-pyrite geothemometer (after mieroprobe measurement). Formation temperatures of 485 ± 15°C were dedueed for the mineralization in the greisen of the granitie dike and pressures under 1 x 108 Pa. The veins were formed at temperatures not exeeeding 386°C and < 300 x 105 Pa pressureFluid inclusions in the auriferous «El Cabaco» zone, Salamanca province, Spai

On the molecules of numerical semigroups, Puiseux monoids, and Puiseux algebras

A molecule is a nonzero non-unit element of an integral domain (resp., commutative cancellative monoid) having a unique factorization into irreducibles (resp., atoms). Here we study the molecules of Puiseux monoids as well as the molecules of their corresponding semigroup algebras, which we call Puiseux algebras. We begin by presenting, in the context of numerical semigroups, some results on the possible cardinalities of the sets of molecules and the sets of reducible molecules (i.e., molecules that are not irreducibles/atoms). Then we study the molecules in the more general context of Puiseux monoids. We construct infinitely many non-isomorphic atomic Puiseux monoids all whose molecules are atoms. In addition, we characterize the molecules of Puiseux monoids generated by rationals with prime denominators. Finally, we turn to investigate the molecules of Puiseux algebras. We provide a characterization of the molecules of the Puiseux algebras corresponding to root-closed Puiseux monoids. Then we use such a characterization to find an infinite class of Puiseux algebras with infinitely many non-associated reducible molecules.Comment: 21 pages, 2 figure

Geochemical clistribution of An in granites with locle mineralizations in As, W ancl Au (NW of Salamanca)

[Resumen] Ante las pruebas de la existencia de altas incidencias de cáncer de próstata en una zona de la provincia de Salamanca y habiendo descartado los factores etiológicos más comunes como su posible causa (MAYOR ARENAL, 1988), se concluye que el único factor de riesgo posible se debería a la existencia de algún factor carcinógeno ambiental. Se realizó una prospección geoquímica de Cd en esta zona dada la relación etiológica de este elemento con dicha enfermedad y se ha constatado que efectivamente existe una anomalía de Cd en los sedimentos de arroyo, que no se corresponde con actividades antropogénicas, sino que son anomalías regionales de los contenidos propios de este elemento en el sustrato, evidenciándose así como potencial factor de riesgo los contenidos de Cd en los suelos desarrollados sobre rocas anómalas en dicho elemento.[Abstract] A high ineidence of prostate cancer has been observed in certain areas of the province of Salamanca. Spain. Mter ruling out the most common etiological factors as the cause (MAYOR ARENAL, 1988) it is concluded that the only possible risk factor must be due to the presence of some environmental carcinogen. In view of the etiological relationship between Cd and the patological state, a study was carried out on the geochemistry of this element in this area. Anomalous amounts of Cd were found in stream sediments and it was observed that this anomaly does not correspond to human activity but rather to high regional amounts of cadmium in the substrate. Thus, the contents of Cd in soils developed over substrates containing naturally-ocurring anomalous amounts of cadmiun should be considered as a real new risk factor

Changes in electromyographic activity of latent trigger points after a dry needling intervention: a randomised controlled trial.

Objective To analyse the effects of dry needling (DN) in upper trapezius latent trigger points (LTrPs) on pressure pain threshold (PPT) and surface electromyography (sEMG). Design Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. Settings Sports Rehabilitation Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha. Participants Forty-six participants (18–35 years old) with LTrP in the upper trapezius were divided into two groups: DN-group and Sham-DN-group. Interventions In the DN-group, the needle was inserted 10-times through the skin, and it was manipulated up and down using a "fast in and out" technique. In the Sham-DN-group, non-penetrating needles were used. Main outcome measures PPT, sEMG at rest, and sEMG in isometric contraction of the LTrP of the upper trapezius muscle were evaluated at baseline, 30 min after treatment, and after 24 h, and 72 h of follow-up. Results The mean change in sEMG at rest between baseline and 30 min was − 0.38 (0.38) %refRMS for the DN group and − 0.05 (0.31) %refRMS for the Sham-DN group (mean difference −0.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) of the difference: − 0.54 to − 0.13), and between baseline and 24 h was − 0.35 (0.35) %refRMS for the DN group and − 0.06 (0.58) %refRMS for the Sham-DN group (mean difference −0.29, 95% CI: −0.57 to −0.01). In addition, the DN-group showed higher values of PPT than the Sham-DN group at 72 h (5.22 (1.23) to 4.65 (1.03) kg/cm2; p < 0.05). Conclusions A single session of DN intervention was effective in reducing the electromyographic activity, muscle fatigue and pain of the upper trapezius muscle in LTrP.pre-print542 K

Ultradiscrete kinks with supersonic speed in a layered crystal with realistic potentials

We develop a dynamical model of the propagating nonlinear localized excitations, supersonic kinks, in the cation layer in a silicate mica crystal. We start from purely electrostatic Coulomb interaction and add the Ziegler-Biersack-Littmark short-range repulsive potential and the periodic potential produced by other atoms of the lattice. This approach allows the construction of supersonic kinks which can propagate in the lattice within a large range of energies and velocities. The interparticle distances in the lattice kinks with high energy are physically reasonable values. The introduction of the periodic lattice potential results in the important feature that the kinks propagate with a single velocity and a single energy which are independent on the excitation conditions. The found kinks are ultra-discrete and can be described with the "magic wave number" $q\simeq 2\pi/3a$, which was previously revealed in the nonlinear sinusoidal waves and supersonic kinks in the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam lattice. The extreme discreteness of the supersonic kinks, with basically two particles moving at the same time, allows the interpretation of their double-kink structure. The energy of the supersonic kinks is between the possible source of $^{40}$K recoil in beta decay and the energy necessary for the ejection of an atom at the border as has been found experimentally.Comment: 14 pages, 15 figure

Tres Torres y un mar: La última obra de Fernando Cassinello

The work of spanish architect, Fernando Cassinello Pérez has been rarely published, although he built a lot and well. His life is based on three areas: architectural production, academic and research activities. In this research his latest work will be discussed: Three Tower triplets Star-Building (1975) was built on the seafront in Zapillo, Almería; and that is a smart residential work of formal investigation and structural sincerity. Star-Building is an example of how, since the resignation and moderate density, it is possible to construct interesting proposals for housing -oriented towards tourism- on the beachfront. Of course, it deserves to be well known by who nowadays decides to design and build collective architecture. The three project versions will be discussed and described, also explaining how the structure and the traces of the process of building are the genesis and story of this work.La obra del arquitecto almeriense Fernando Cassinello Pérez ha sido escasamente publicada, pero lo cierto es que construyó mucho y bien. Su vida descansa sobre tres pilares: la producción arquitectónica, la actividad académica y la inquietud investigadora. Aquí se expondrá su última obra: las Tres Torres trillizas Star-Building (1975) que construyó frente al Paseo Marítimo de Almería, en el barrio de El Zapillo; y que son un elegante ejercicio residencial de investigación formal y sinceridad estructural. También son un ejemplo de cómo, desde la renuncia y con una densidad moderada, es posible construir interesantes propuestas de viviendas –orientadas al turismo– en la primera línea de playa. Y que, desde luego, merecen ser conocida por quien decida hoy proyectar y construir arquitectura colectiva. Se analizarán y describirán las tres versiones del proyecto; y se explicará cómo la estructura y las huellas del proceso de construcción son la génesis y el argumento de esta obra

Carbon and oxygen abundances from recombination lines in low-metallicity star-forming galaxies. Implications for chemical evolution

We present deep echelle spectrophotometry of the brightest emission-line knots of the star-forming galaxies He 2-10, Mkn 1271, NGC 3125, NGC 5408, POX 4, SDSS J1253-0312, Tol 1457-262, Tol 1924-416 and the HII region Hubble V in the Local Group dwarf irregular galaxy NGC 6822. The data have been taken with the Very Large Telescope Ultraviolet-Visual Echelle Spectrograph in the 3100-10420 {\AA} range. We determine electron densities and temperatures of the ionized gas from several emission-line intensity ratios for all the objects. We derive the ionic abundances of C$^{2+}$ and/or O$^{2+}$ from faint pure recombination lines (RLs) in several of the objects, permitting to derive their C/H and C/O ratios. We have explored the chemical evolution at low metallicities analysing the C/O vs. O/H, C/O vs. N/O and C/N vs. O/H relations for Galactic and extragalactic HII regions and comparing with results for halo stars and DLAs. We find that HII regions in star-forming dwarf galaxies occupy a different locus in the C/O vs. O/H diagram than those belonging to the inner discs of spiral galaxies, indicating their different chemical evolution histories, and that the bulk of C in the most metal-poor extragalactic HII regions should have the same origin than in halo stars. The comparison between the C/O ratios in HII regions and in stars of the Galactic thick and thin discs seems to give arguments to support the merging scenario for the origin of the Galactic thick disc. Finally, we find an apparent coupling between C and N enrichment at the usual metallicities determined for HII regions and that this coupling breaks in very low-metallicity objects.Comment: 27 pages, 12 figures, Accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Societ

Influencia de la carga de sólido en la producción de D-xilosa mediante hidrólisis del hueso de aceituna con ácido sulfúrico diluido

The selective hydrolysis of hemicellulose from olive stones was attempted in order to achieve a maximum D-xylose yield. For this aim, batch hydrolysis was conducted under different operating conditions of temperature, acid concentration and solid loading. Firstly, distilled water, sulphuric acid and nitric acid were assessed as hydrolytic agents at different temperatures (200, 205, 210 and 220 °C) and at a fixed acid concentration (0.025 M). Sulphuric acid and 200 °C were selected for the subsequent dilute acid hydrolysis optimization based on the obtained D-xylose yields. The combined influence of solid loading (from 29.3 to 170.7 g olive stones into 300 mL acid solution) and sulphuric acid concentration (0.006–0.034 M) on the release of D-xylose was then estimated by response surface methodology. According to a statistical analysis, both parameters had significant interaction effects on D-xylose production. The results illustrated that the higher the solid loading, the higher the required acid concentration. The decrease in the solid/liquid ratio in the reactor had a positive effect on D-xylose extraction and on the amount of acid used. The optimum solid loading and sulphuric acid concentration were determined to be 50 g (solid/liquid ratio 1/6) and 0.016 M, respectively. Under these conditions, the predicted D-xylose yield (expressed as g of sugar per 100 g of dry matter fed) was 20.4 (87.2% of maximum attainable).Se ha desarrollado una hidrólisis selectiva de la fracción hemicelulósica del hueso de aceituna con el fin de obtener el máximo rendimiento de D-xilosa. Para ello las hidrólisis se llevaron a cabo en un reactor discontinuo a distintas condiciones de temperatura, concentración de ácido y carga de sólidos. En primer lugar se evaluó la capacidad hidrolítica del agua destilada y de los ácidos nítrico y sulfúrico a distintas temperaturas (200, 205, 210 y 220°C) manteniendo fija la concentración de ácido (0,025 M). A partir de los rendimientos en D-xilosa obtenidos se seleccionó el ácido sulfúrico y una temperatura de 200 °C para la posterior optimización del proceso. La influencia conjunta de la carga de sólidos (desde 29,3 a 170,7 g de hueso de aceituna en 300 mL de disolución ácida) y de la concentración de ácido sulfúrico (0,006–0,034 M) sobre los rendimientos de D-xilosa fue determinada mediante metodología de superficie de respuesta. Según el análisis estadístico ambos parámetros tuvieron un efecto interactivo significativo en la producción de D-xilosa. Los resultados mostraron que se requiere mayor concentración de ácido a mayor carga de sólidos. La disminución de la relación sólido/líquido en el reactor tuvo un efecto positivo en la extracción de D-xilosa y en la cantidad de ácido utilizado. Las condiciones óptimas fueron 50 g de sólidos (relación sólido/ líquido 1/6) y concentración de ácido sulfúrico 0,016 M. Bajo estas condiciones, el rendimiento de D-xilosa predicho, expresado en g de azúcar por cada 100 g de huesos de aceituna, fue 20,4 (87,2% del máximo teórico)