Tuning gastropod locomotion: Modeling the influence of mucus rheology on the cost of crawling

Common gastropods such as snails crawl on a solid substrate by propagating muscular waves of shear stress on a viscoelastic mucus. Producing the mucus accounts for the largest component in the gastropod's energy budget, more than twenty times the amount of mechanical work used in crawling. Using a simple mechanical model, we show that the shear-thinning properties of the mucus favor a decrease in the amount of mucus necessary for crawling, thereby decreasing the overall energetic cost of locomotion.Comment: Corrected typo

Karakteristik Keinovatifan Petani Padi Sawah dan Hubungannya dengan Tingkat Partisipasi dalam Kelompok Tani

Keberhasilan pembangunan pertanian tidak dapat dipisahkan dari peran serta petani sebagai pelaku utama dalam melaksanakan kegiatan USAhataninya, yang berarti petani berperan langsung dalam pembangunan pertanian. Oleh karena itu keberhasilan program Pembangunan Pertanian ditentukan oleh partisiasipasi petani itu sendiri. Penelitian ini akan menelaah hubungan karakteristik keinovatifan petani padi sawah dengan tingkat partisipasinya dalam kelompok tani. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat keinovatifan petani dan tingkat partisipasinya dalam kelompok tani serta untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kedua variabel tersebut. Dalam hal ini karaktersitik keinovatifan petani dirasakan sangat penting karena karakteristik keinovatifan petani merupakan faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat partisipasinya dalam kelompok tani. Semakin tinggi tingkat karakteristik keinovatifan petani maka akan semakin tinggi pula tingkat partisipasinya dalam kelompok tani. Hasil uji Korelasi Rank Spearman pada taraf nyata α = 0,01 untuk melihat apakah ada hubungan antara karakteristik keinovatifan petani dengan tingkat partisipasinya dalam kelompok tani, ternyata menyatakan hubungan yang nyata dimana = 0,803 yang artinya berhubungan sangat kuat dan memiliki arah hubungan yang positif. Sedangkan tingkat karakteristik keinovatifan petani padi sawah di Desa Sri Agung Kecamatan Tanjung Jabung Barat secara keseluruhan tergolong dalam kategori sedang dengan jumlah persentase sebesar 56 % dari jumlah 50 sampel dan tingkat partisipasi petani juga termasuk dalam kategori sedang dengan jumlah persentase 54 %

Exact Calculation of Laminar Boundary Layer in Longitudinal Flow over a Flat Plate with Homogeneous Suction

/2 ), less than -2.0. ° This is verified in both Pigs. 1 and 2. However, for plane stagnation-point flow, Pigs. 1 and 2 show a considerable discrepancy between actual and asymptotic shear for values of the suction parameter well below -2.0. And, of course, as the suction parameter approaches zero (small condensation rates), the asymptotic expression gives way to the dry-wall value of the shear for the particular geometry involved. This suggests that a simple interpolation formula between the two extremes could be used for the entire range. A formula of the form The numerical results o

Profil Peternakan Babi di Kota Kupang dan Potensi Penularan Trichinellosis

Trichinellosis is a parasitic disease of humans caused by eating raw from domestic or game animals infected by Trichinella spp. Human trichinellosis contracted from commercial supplies of meat have been most often linked to infected pigs, wild boar, or horses. Trichinella is a nematode which has an atypical direct life cycle that does not involve stages developing outside of the host. This study was conducted to see the profile of pig farms in the city of Kupang and the potential transmission of trichinellosis. The data was derived from interview 60 farmers in 6 sub districts in city of Kupang by using a structured questionnaire and analyzed descriptively. The results of the questionnaire survey showed that many race of pig from a mixed race, the seeds come from traditional breeding. Feed rest of the home or restaurant are usually directly given to the pigs. The presence of rat in around of the cage often. All respondents were interviewed did not know or hear about trichinellosis disease which can be one cause of the spread of trichinellosis in city of Kupang

A new approach to generating research-quality data through citizen science: The USA National Phenology Monitoring System

Phenology is one of the most sensitive biological responses to climate change, and recent changes in phenology have the potential to shake up ecosystems. In some cases, it appears they already are. Thus, for ecological reasons it is critical that we improve our understanding of species’ phenologies and how these phenologies are responding to recent, rapid climate change. Phenological events like flowering and bird migrations are easy to observe, culturally important, and, at a fundamental level, naturally inspire human curiosity— thus providing an excellent opportunity to engage citizen scientists. The USA National Phenology Network has recently initiated a national effort to encourage people at different levels of expertise—from backyard naturalists to professional scientists—to observe phenological events and contribute to a national database that will be used to greatly improve our understanding of spatio-temporal variation in phenology and associated phenological responses to climate change.

Traditional phenological observation protocols identify specific dates at which individual phenological events are observed. The scientific usefulness of long-term phenological observations could be improved with a more carefully structured protocol. At the USA-NPN we have developed a new approach that directs observers to record each day that they observe an individual plant, and to assess and report the state of specific life stages (or phenophases) as occurring or not occurring on that plant for each observation date. Evaluation is phrased in terms of simple, easy-to-understand, questions (e.g. “Do you see open flowers?”), which makes it very appropriate for a citizen science audience. From this method, a rich dataset of phenological metrics can be extracted, including the duration of a phenophase (e.g. open flowers), the beginning and end points of a phenophase (e.g. traditional phenological events such as first flower and last flower), multiple distinct occurrences of phenophases within a single growing season (e.g multiple flowering events, common in drought-prone regions), as well as quantification of sampling frequency and observational uncertainties. These features greatly enhance the utility of the resulting data for statistical analyses addressing questions such as how phenological events vary in time and space, and in response to global change. This new protocol is an important step forward, and its widespread adoption will increase the scientific value of data collected by citizen scientists.
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Pemberian Pengetahuan Sadar Pajak terhadap Siswa-siswi SMA

Pajak merupakan kontribusi wajib kepada negara yang sifatnya dapat dipaksakan dan fungsinya untukmemenuhi kebutuhan negara demi sebesar-besarnya untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat. Tanpa adanya pajakyang dipungut oleh negara, kita mungkin tidak bisa mendapatkan fasilitas umum secara mudah dantentunya murah. Untuk meningkatkan Anggaran Pendapatan Belanja Negara mulai dari usia dini diberikanpendidikan pengetahuan mengenai pajak, agar pada saat usia sudah berpenghasilan danmemiliki NomorPokok Wajib Pajak sadar untuk membayar pajak terutangnya. Untuk memotivasi para siswa-siswi,dilakukan dengan cara memberikan pelatihan di Sekolah Menengah Atas Perguruan Advent Bogor.Mempresentasikan di depan para siswa dan mengajak siswa untuk saling aktif berkomunikasi dan beranibertanya membuat semangat para siswa menjadi tinggi untuk mengetahui apa itu pajak dan kemana sajapajak itu digunakan. Dengan demikian diharapkan para siswa-siswi dapat memperoleh pengetahuan ini dantermotivasi untuk selalu sadar dan taat akan pentingnya membayar pajak dan berkontribusi untuk negara

Deployment characterization of a floatable tidal energy converter on a tidal channel, Ria Formosa, Portugal

This paper presents the results of a pilot experiment with an existing tidal energy converter (TEC), Evopod 1 kW floatable prototype, in a real test case scenario (Faro Channel, Ria Formosa, Portugal). A baseline marine geophysical, hydrodynamic and ecological study based on the experience collected on the test site is presented. The collected data was used to validate a hydro-morphodynamic model, allowing the selection of the installation area based on both operational and environmental constraints. Operational results related to the description of power generation capacity, energy capture area and proportion of energy flux are presented and discussed, including the failures occurring during the experimental setup. The data is now available to the scientific community and to TEC industry developers, enhancing the operational knowledge of TEC technology concerning efficiency, environmental effects, and interactions (i.e. device/environment). The results can be used by developers on the licensing process, on overcoming the commercial deployment barriers, on offering extra assurance and confidence to investors, who traditionally have seen environmental concerns as a barrier, and on providing the foundations whereupon similar deployment areas can be considered around the world for marine tidal energy extraction.Acknowledgements The paper is a contribution to the SCORE project, funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT e PTDC/ AAG-TEC/1710/2014). Andre Pacheco was supported by the Portu- guese Foundation for Science and Technology under the Portuguese Researchers' Programme 2014 entitled “Exploring new concepts for extracting energy from tides” (IF/00286/2014/CP1234). Eduardo GGorbena has received funding for the OpTiCA project from the ~ Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions of the European Union's H2020- MSCA-IF-EF-RI-2016/under REA grant agreement n [748747]. The authors would like to thank to the Portuguese Maritime Authorities and Sofareia SA for their help on the deployment.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Synthesis and Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship of Imidazotetrazine Prodrugs with Activity Independent of O6-Methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase, DNA Mismatch Repair and p53.

The antitumor prodrug Temozolomide is compromised by its dependence for activity on DNA mismatch repair (MMR) and the repair of the chemosensitive DNA lesion, O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG), by O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.63, MGMT). Tumor response is also dependent on wild-type p53. Novel 3-(2-anilinoethyl)-substituted imidazotetrazines are reported that have activity independent of MGMT, MMR and p53. This is achieved through a switch of mechanism so that bioactivity derives from imidazotetrazine-generated arylaziridinium ions that principally modify guanine-N7 sites on DNA. Mono- and bi-functional analogs are reported and a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study identified the p-tolyl-substituted bi-functional congener as optimized for potency, MGMT-independence and MMR-independence. NCI60 data show the tumor cell response is distinct from other imidazotetrazines and DNA-guanine-N7 active agents such as nitrogen mustards and cisplatin. The new imidazotetrazine compounds are promising agents for further development and their improved in vitro activity validates the principles on which they were designed

The Mississippian Section at Paddys Bluff, Crittenden County, Kentucky

Paddys Bluff (Figs. 1-3) is located on the south side of the Illinois Basin on the Cumberland River, 1.7 miles downstream from Dycusburg in Crittenden County, Ky., in Carter coordinate section 23-I-16 and ecoregion 71f of the Western Highland Rim of Kentucky (Woods and others, 2002). This bluff is on a right-descending bend 18 liver miles above its junction with the Ohio River at Smithland, Livingston County. The bluff (Figs. 4A, B) is locally famous as the location for a scene from the classic 1962 film, How the West Was Won,\u27 a winner of three Academy Awards, starling James Stewart, John Wayne, and others. We observed Paddys Bluff from the starboard Texas deck of the steamboat Della Queen one rainy morning in October 2005; the thick, persistent white bed midway in the bluff especially attracted our attention (Fig. 4). Paddys Bluff is the best natural exposure of Mississippian limestone between Barkley Dam and the Ohio River, a distance of 31 river miles. The bluff, some 1,700 feet long (Fig. 4), rises 160 feet above the Cumberland River and deflects it about 16° into a long westward reach, the river removing all talus at the base of the bluff. The bluff lies in a graben between two inferred faults st liking N40 to 45°E (Amos and Hayes, 1974). Readily seen in the limestones along the river at the base of the bluff is a prominent joint set parallel to these faults. This bluff is mapped on the Dycusburg geologic quadrangle map (Table 1) as the combined Salem and St. Louis Limestones (Amos and Hayes, 1974) and is capped by at least 15 feet of poorly exposed gravel of the Cretaceous Tuscaloosa Formation (Olive, 1980). Across the river less than 2 miles distant are scattered continental deposits of reddish brown Lafayette-type, sandy cobble-gravel (Olive, 1980), below which are outliers of the Cretaceous Tuscaloosa Formation; both cap hilltops of the same underlying Mississippian limestones. Why is Paddys Bluff of interest? There are at least six reasons to study it. First, can the Salem and St. Louis Limestones be individually identified at the bluff? If, in fact, they can be separated, the upper boundary of sequence S4 recognized in the Lake Cumberland area of south-central Kentucky by Khetani and Read (2002, Fig. 12) extends much farther west. Still another challenge is the enigmatic, massive, fine-grained, whitish-weathering carbonate mudstone bed, unit C of our section, high in the bluff. What does it represent? How widespread is it? Why do beds below rt have a strong petroliferous odor and not those above it? Why are some of the coral heads (Fig. 5) at Paddys Bluff overturned and others not? The last challenge is the bluff itself: Why is it there and how long has it been there