O programa nacional de fortalecimento da agricultura familiar no Brasil: uma análise sobre a distribuição regional e setorial dos recursos.

No Brasil, as políticas públicas para o espaço rural sempre tenderam a priorizar a agricultura patronal, em detrimento dos agricultores familiares. Todavia, os estudos realizados pelos órgãos FAO - INCRA deram subsídio para a criação do Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF), resultando em um novo direcionamento dos investimentos públicos, os quais passaram a contemplar o segmento dos agricultores familiares. Entende-se o PRONAF como uma política não-compensatória, que, apesar de seus problemas, tem contribuído de fato para mudanças e melhorias no espaço agrário brasileiro. Desde sua criação no final da década de 1990, o PRONAF passou por várias mudanças em sua estrutura administrativa e operacional, a fim de alcançar seus objetivos e adequar-se face a complexa realidade social agrária brasileira. Sendo assim, o presente estudo visa discutir as ações do Estado por meio desse Programa, a partir de suas linhas de atuação, bem como analisar a distribuição de suas concessões de crédito regional e setorialmente. Assim, os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados para a realização deste trabalho compreendem pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, além de pesquisa em fontes secundárias, no intuito de obter dados e informações relevantes para a análise das relações sociais estabelecidas em meio a esse processo de concretização e espacialização desse Programa. Dentre as implicações do PRONAF pode-se notar em âmbito nacional, uma diminuição da disparidade regional brasileira, bem como a preocupação que o Programa tem demonstrado com os aspectos socioculturais locais e regionais, como forma de garantir que seus investimentos perpassem a dimensão econômica, mas valorize outras dimensões, a exemplo dos elementos culturais

Bromeliaceae species from coastal restinga habitats, Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, and Bahia.

Bromeliaceae is one of the most representative plant families in restinga habitats. We analyzed the speciesrichness and composition of Bromeliaceae in 13 restinga habitats along the Brazilian coast. We found a total of 41species distributed along the restinga habitats studied. The restinga of Praia do Sul, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, hadthe highest number of species (15), whereas the restinga of Abaeté, in the state of Bahia, had the lowest (4). Our dataare suggestive that the Doce River may represent the limit of distribution for some bromeliad species, with some speciesoccurring only south of that river and others occurring only to the north of it. The differences in Bromeliaceae speciescomposition among restinga habitats probably are not only due to differences in local environmental conditions, butalso due to the geographic distribution pattern of each species and to the present degree of disturbance at each restinga

Caracterização cromossômica de taxa do gênero Trinomys Thomas, 1921, (Rodentia, Echimyidae) nos Estados do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo

Ten species of spiny rats of the genus Trinomys are currently recognized in eastern Brazil. Although most taxa known in the genus Trinomys have been characterized on the basis of craniodental, pelage, and bacular traits, data on chromosomal morphology are available for only four taxa, two from the State of Bahia, one from the State of São Paulo, and one from the State of Espírito Santo. Here we describe the normal chromosomal complement for three additional taxa, namely, Trinomys gratiosus bonafidei (Fazenda Boa Fé, Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, type-locality), Trinomys eliasi (Barra de Maricá, Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, type- locality), and Trinomys dimidiatus (Rio Bonito, Rio de Janeiro, and Ubatuba, São Paulo). The specimens analyzed here from the locality of Ubatuba were identified on the basis of craniodental, pelage, and bacular traits as T. dimidiatus, extending the known range of this species at least 100km south into the State of São Paulo. The three taxa for which chromosomal data are presented differ in their diploid and fundamental numbers and, therefore, can be diagnosed on the basis of their karyotypes. The significance and implications of chromosome numbers and morphology as diagnostic markers are evaluated in the framework of the molecular phylogenetic relationships and of the data on geographic distribution currently available for the genus Trinomys.Dez unidades taxonômicas no nível de espécie são atualmente reconhecidas para os roedores do gênero Trinomys no leste do Brasil. Embora a maioria dos taxa conhecidos tenham sido caracterizados com base em caracteres do crânio, da dentição, da pelagem e do báculo, a informação sobre a morfologia dos cromossomos limita-se até o momento apenas a quatro taxa, dois provenientes do Estado da Bahia, um de São Paulo e um do Espírito Santo. Neste trabalho são descritos os complementos cromossômicos para mais três taxa, Trinomys gratiosus bonafidei (Fazenda Boa Fé, Teresópolis, RJ, localidade tipo), Trinomys eliasi (Barra de Maricá, Maricá, RJ, localidade tipo) e Trinomys dimidiatus (Rio Bonito, RJ, and Ubatuba, SP). Os espécimes analisados neste estudo provenientes de Ubatuba foram identificados como T. dimidiatus com base em caracteres craniodentais, da pelagem e do báculo, estendendo a distribuição da espécie pelo menos 100km ao sul na direção do Estado de São Paulo. Os taxa analisados neste trabalho diferem nos seus números diplóide e fundamental e, por conseguinte, podem ser diagnosticados com base nos seus cariótipos. As implicações da variação nos cromossomos para a diagnose dos taxa do gênero Trinomys que ocorrem nos estados do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo são avaliadas no contexto das relações filogenéticas deste grupo, inferidas a partir de seqüências do genoma mitocondrial e da informação disponível sobre a distribuição geográfica de suas espécies

Eye fixations to figures in a four-choice situation with luminance balanced areas: Evaluating practice effects

Contingency analyses of eye movements may reveal variables that are relevant to the stimulus control of observing behavior. The present research tracked the eye movements of four adults exposed to a simultaneous discrimination among four stimuli, two two-dimensional (square and circle) and two three-dimensional (cube and cylinder) mono-chromatic figures with approximately equal luminance. On each discrimination trial, the stimuli were displayed in the four corners of a video monitor and participants chose among them by pressing corresponding keys. For two participants, choosing either cube or square (S+) was followed by the word “correct” and a 3-second inter-trial interval. Alternatively, choosing either cylinder or circle (S-) was followed by "incorrect" and a 30-second inter-trial interval. For the other two participants, contingencies were reversed. The position of the stimuli on the screen varied randomly across trials. The procedure continued for 80 trials. During these trials, discriminated choices were established. Despite the presence of both a two- and a three-dimensional S+ on each trial, responses to the three-dimensional S+ tended to prevail. Although general eye fixations tended to decrease as discrimination was established, subjects tended to observe S+ for longer durations than S-. Characteristics of the stimuli may interact with the contingencies of reinforcement in the stimulus control of observing behavior

The effects of 12 weeks in-water training in stroke kinematics, dry-land power, and swimming sprints performance in master swimmers

Background: Master swimming is becoming increasingly popular, but research related to the training process and its effect on this population is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks in-water training in stroke kinematics, dry-land power, and swimming sprints performance in master swimmers, and the relationships between these variables in this sports population. Methods: 15 healthy and physically active male master swimmers (age 32.3 ± 5.1 years, height 1.81 ± 0.04 m, body mass 77.0 ± 6.5 kg, training experience of 11 ± 4 years and average swimming training volume ~2.5 km/day, 3 times a week) participated in the study. Previously and after the intervention program, entirely water-based, swimmers were tested in a dry-land environment to assess their upper and lower body limbs (UL and LL) strength through power measurements, namely countermovement jumps (CMJ), seated 3 kg medicine ball throwing (MBT) and maximal isometric strength with handgrip (HG). In-water 50 m maximal front crawl swimming test was also completed. Swimming performance at 15, 25, and 50 m (T15, T25, and T50) was determined, and the associated stroke kinematics. During the intervention program period, swimming training comprised three sessions per week (7.5 ± 0.9 km per microcycle), with low to high-intensity aerobic and anaerobic swimming series and technical drills. Results: T25 significantly decreased after 12 weeks of training (18.82 ± 2.92 vs. 18.60 ± 2.87 sec, p = 0.02), the same was observed in the case of T50 (40.36 ± 7.54 vs. 38.32 ± 6.41 sec, p = 0.00). Changes in stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL) and stroke index (SI) in swimming performance at 15 m were not observed, contrarily to 25 and 50 m, where SL and SI significantly increased. MBT and HG improved, but not CMJ, and improvements in T15, T25 and T50 were mostly related to kinematic proficiency improvement. Conclusions: 12 weeks of in-water training in master swimmers significantly enhance performance time in 25 and 50 m front crawl swimming. SL and SI are also improved and are the variables that most influence T15, T25 and T50 when compared to SR and dry-land power variables. Centering the training process not only in in-water tasks in master swimmers seem to be of relevant interest since age influences stroke kinematic and power variables.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A Rapidly Incremented Tethered-Swimming Maximal Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Assessment of Swimmers

Incremental exercise testing is the standard means of assessing cardiorespiratory capacity of endurance athletes. While the maximal rate of oxygen consumption is typically used as the criterion measurement in this regard, two metabolic breakpoints that reflect changes in the dynamics of lactate production/consumption as the work rate is increased are perhaps more relevant for endurance athletes from a functional standpoint. Exercise economy, which represents the rate of oxygen consumption relative to performance of submaximal work, is also an important parameter to measure for endurance-athlete assessment. Ramp incremental tests comprising a gradual but rapid increase in work rate until the limit of exercise tolerance is reached are useful for determining these parameters. This type of test is typically performed on a cycle ergometer or treadmill because there is a need for precision with respect to work-rate incrementation. However, athletes should be tested while performing the mode of exercise required for their sport. Consequently, swimmers are typically assessed during free-swimming incremental tests where such precision is difficult to achieve. We have recently suggested that stationary swimming against a load that is progressively increased (incremental tethered swimming) can serve as a "swim ergometer" by allowing sufficient precision to accommodate a gradual but rapid loading pattern that reveals the aforementioned metabolic breakpoints and exercise economy. However, the degree to which the peak rate of oxygen consumption achieved during such a protocol approximates the maximal rate that is measured during free swimming remains to be determined. In the present article, we explain how this rapidly incremented tethered-swimming protocol can be employed to assess the cardiorespiratory capacity of a swimmer. Specifically, we explain how assessment of a short-distance competitive swimmer using this protocol revealed that his rate of oxygen uptake was 30.3 and 34.8 mL∙min 1∙kg-1BM at his gas-exchange threshold and respiratory compensation point, respectively.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Paper-based microfluidic devices on the crime scene: a simple tool for rapid estimation of post-mortem interval using vitreous humour

CAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIORCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE GOIÁS - FAPEGFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DEThis paper describes for the first time the use of paper-based analytical devices at crime scenes to estimate the post-mortem interval (PMI), based on the colorimetric determination of Fe2+ in vitreous humour (VH) samples. Experimental parameters such as9746974CAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIORCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE GOIÁS - FAPEGFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DECAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIORCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE GOIÁS - FAPEGFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE3363/201488881.062204/2014-01448089/2014-9308140/2016-8sem informação2016/07384-7This study was supported by CAPES (grants 3363/2014 and 88881.062204/2014-01), CNPq (grants 448089/2014-9 and 308140/2016-8), FAPEG, FAPESP (grant 2016/07384-7) and INCTBio (grant 465389/2014-7). CAPES and CNPq are also acknowledged for the scholarships

Mammals, Serra da Concórdia, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The Atlantic Forest in the state of Rio de Janeiro is extremely fragmented and reduced in its originalextension. Although there are a great number of studies related to the biome, few lists are available for this region. Thepresent study seeks to get information on the mammals of a remnant forest in Serra da Concórdia, an area from whichno information is currently available. The rapid mammal's survey was accomplished by use of pitfalls, live traps,transects, mist nets, and camera traps. We recorded 37 terrestrial species that represent 22.3 % of Rio de Janeiro statemammal species. Among the recorded species, six are endemic of the Atlantic Forest, one is endemic of the state, andeight are in the state list of threatened or presumably threatened species. The area presents great mammal richness andan increasing effort will probably reveal the presence of additional species