59 research outputs found

    The role of biofilms in the development and dissemination of microbial resistance within the food industry

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    Biofilms are multicellular sessile microbial communities embedded in hydrated extracellular polymeric matrices. Their formation is common in microbial life in most environments, while those formed on food-processing surfaces are of considerable interest in the context of food hygiene. Biofilm cells express properties that are distinct from planktonic ones, in particular, notorious resistance to antimicrobial agents. Thus, a special feature of biofilms is that, once they have been developed, they are hard to eradicate, even when careful sanitization procedures are regularly applied. A great deal of ongoing research has investigated how and why surface-attached microbial communities develop such resistance, and several mechanisms are to be acknowledged (e.g., heterogeneous metabolic activity, cell adaptive responses, diffusion limitations, genetic and functional diversification, and microbial interactions). The articles contained in this Special Issue deal with biofilms of some important food-related bacteria (including common pathogens such as Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as spoilage-causing spore-forming bacilli), providing novel insights on their resistance mechanisms and implications, together with novel methods (e.g., use of protective biofilms formed by beneficial bacteria, enzymes) that could be used to overcome such resistance and thus improve the safety of our food supply and protect public health

    The Spatial Architecture of Bacillus subtilis Biofilms Deciphered Using a Surface-Associated Model and In Situ Imaging

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    The formation of multicellular communities known as biofilms is the part of bacterial life cycle in which bacteria display cooperative behaviour and differentiated phenotypes leading to specific functions. Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium that has served for a decade as a model to study the molecular pathways that control biofilm formation. Most of the data on B. subtilis biofilms have come from studies on the formation of pellicles at the air-liquid interface, or on the complex macrocolonies that develop on semi-solid nutritive agar. Here, using confocal laser scanning microcopy, we show that B. subtilis strains of different origins are capable of forming biofilms on immersed surfaces with dramatically protruding “beanstalk-like” structures with certain strains. Indeed, these structures can reach a height of more than 300 ”m with one undomesticated strain from a medical environment. Using 14 GFP-labeled mutants previously described as affecting pellicle or complex colony formation, we have identified four genes whose inactivation significantly impeded immersed biofilm development, and one mutation triggering hyperbiofilm formation. We also identified mutations causing the three-dimensional architecture of the biofilm to be altered. Taken together, our results reveal that B. subtilis is able to form specific biofilm features on immersed surfaces, and that the development of these multicellular surface-associated communities involves regulation pathways that are common to those governing the formation of pellicle and/or complex colonies, and also some specific mechanisms. Finally, we propose the submerged surface-associated biofilm as another relevant model for the study of B. subtilis multicellular communities

    Data for: Inhibitory activity of phenolic acids against Listeria monocytogenes: deciphering the mechanisms of action using three different models

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    Tables of entire datasets obtained, gamma values and predicted ”max for a) p-coumaric acid with model 3, b) ferulic acid with model 3, c) chlorogenic acid with model 2, d) gallic acid with model 2, e) vanillic acid with model 2, f) vanillic acid with model 3, g) p-hydroxybenzoic acid with model 2, h) p-hydroxybenzoic acid with model 3, i) protocatechuic acid with model 2, j) protocatechuic acid with model 3, k) caffeic acid with model 2, l) caffeic acid with model 3THIS DATASET IS ARCHIVED AT DANS/EASY, BUT NOT ACCESSIBLE HERE. TO VIEW A LIST OF FILES AND ACCESS THE FILES IN THIS DATASET CLICK ON THE DOI-LINK ABOV

    Comparative biocidal activity of peracetic acid, benzalkonium chloride and ortho-phthalaldehyde on 77 bacterial strains

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    Despite numerous reports on biocide activities, it is often difficult to have a reliable and relevant overview of bacterial resistance to disinfectants because each work challenges a limited number of strains and tested methods are often different. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal activity of three different disinfectants commonly used in industrial or medical environments (peracetic acid, benzalkonium chloride and ortho-phthalaldehyde) against 77 bacterial strains from different origins using one standard test method (NF EN 1040). Results highlight the existence of high interspecific variability of resistance to disinfectants and, contrary to widespread belief, Gram-positive strains generally appeared more resistant than Gram-negative strains. Resistance was also variable among strains of the same species such as Bacillus subtilis to peracetic acid, Pseudomonas aeruginosa to benzalkonium chloride and Staphylococcus aureus to ortho-phthalaldehyde. (c) 2011 The Healthcare Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

    Dynamics of the Action of Biocides in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms▿†

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    The biocidal activity of peracetic acid (PAA) and benzalkonium chloride (BAC) on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms was investigated by using a recently developed confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) method that enables the direct and real-time visualization of cell inactivation within the structure. This technique is based on monitoring the loss of fluorescence that corresponds to the leakage of a fluorophore out of cells due to membrane permeabilization by the biocides. Although this approach has previously been used with success with various Gram-positive species, it is not directly applicable to the visualization of Gram-negative strains such as P. aeruginosa, particularly because of limitations regarding fluorescence staining. After adapting the staining procedure to P. aeruginosa, the action of PAA and BAC on the biofilm formed by strain ATCC 15442 was investigated. The results revealed specific inactivation patterns as a function of the mode of action of the biocides. While PAA treatment triggered a uniform loss of fluorescence in the structure, the action of BAC was first localized at the periphery of cell clusters and then gradually spread throughout the biofilm. Visualization of the action of BAC in biofilms formed by three clinical isolates then confirmed the presence of a delay in penetration, showing that diffusion-reaction limitations could provide a major explanation for the resistance of P. aeruginosa biofilms to this biocide. Biochemical analysis suggested a key role for extracellular matrix characteristics in these processes

    AVIS du 16 dĂ©cembre 2016 rĂ©visĂ© le 14 mars 2017 de l’Agence nationale de sĂ©curitĂ© sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail relatif Ă  la contamination de produits de charcuterie crue par Trichinella spp.

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    Cet avis annule et remplace l’avis du 16 dĂ©cembre 2016. La recommandation relative Ă  l’étiquetage p 27 « cuire suffisamment les charcuteries Ă  base de foie de porc destinĂ©es Ă  ĂȘtre consommĂ©es cuites » est modifiĂ©e comme suit : « De façon plus gĂ©nĂ©rale, les experts recommandent un Ă©tiquetage mentionnant : « cuire Ă  cƓur » pour les produits Ă  base de porc destinĂ©s Ă  ĂȘtre consommĂ©s cuits.Citation suggĂ©rĂ©e : Anses. (2017). Avis du 16 dĂ©cembre 2016 rĂ©visĂ© le 14 mars 2017 de l’Agence nationale de sĂ©curitĂ© sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail relatif Ă  la contamination de produits de charcuterie crue par Trichinella spp. (saisine n°2016-SA-0040). Maisons-Alfort : Anses, 34 p. Saisines liĂ©es n°2007-SA-0025 et 2010-SA-0231Un Ă©pisode de toxi-infection alimentaire collective (TIAC) dĂ» Ă  Trichinella liĂ© Ă  la consommation de charcuterie crue de viande de porc (figatelles) est survenu en avril 2015. Cette toxi-infection a 27 entraĂźnĂ© trois cas confirmĂ©s pour 17 personnes exposĂ©es. Les analyses rĂ©alisĂ©es sur les figatelles par le laboratoire national de rĂ©fĂ©rence (LNR, Anses, Maisons-Alfort) ont permis d’identifier la prĂ©sence de Trichinella britovi. Les figatelles ont Ă©tĂ© retirĂ©es de la chaĂźne alimentaire et l’élevage des porcs incriminĂ©s dans leur fabrication a fait l’objet d’un arrĂȘtĂ© prĂ©fectoral de mise sous surveillance (APMS) en avril 2015. Le(s) porc(s) ayant Ă©tĂ© Ă  l’origine de la TIAC avai(en)t Ă©tĂ© abattu(s) clandestinement. Par la suite, les analyses conduites au laboratoire vĂ©tĂ©rinaire dĂ©partemental d'Ajaccio (LVD 2A), dans les conditions du diagnostic rĂ©glementaire, ont permis d'identifier deux porcs positifs avec prĂ©sence de deux larves de Trichinella dans des Ă©chantillons de diaphragme de masse ≄ 5 g. Ces porcs provenaient de l’élevage placĂ© sous APMS. Les analyses du laboratoire vĂ©tĂ©rinaire dĂ©partemental ont Ă©tĂ© confirmĂ©es par le LNR avec l'identification de l'espĂšce Trichinella britovi. Les rĂ©sultats des analyses montrent que les charges parasitaires sont trĂšs faibles puisqu'elles sont infĂ©rieures Ă  une larve/gramme (LPG). La dĂ©tection d’une charge parasitaire d’une LPG avec le test de digestion artificielle rĂ©glementaire nĂ©cessite l’analyse d’au moins trois Ă  cinq grammes de muscle (Forbes et Gajadhar 1999), cela constitue la limite de dĂ©tection du test officiel. Cette charge d’une LPG correspond Ă©galement Ă  la limite en-dessous de laquelle il a Ă©tĂ© jusqu’ici considĂ©rĂ© que l'individu qui ingĂšre de la viande contaminĂ©e n’exprimera pas de trichinellose symptomatique (OIE 2012). La rĂ©glementation communautaire relative aux contrĂŽles officiels et aux protocoles analytiques concernant la prĂ©sence de Trichinella dans les viandes a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©visĂ©e en aoĂ»t 2015 (rĂšglement d’exĂ©cution (UE) 2015/1375 de la Commission du 10 aoĂ»t 2015). Les questions instruites dans l’avis sont les suivantes : 1. Actualisation des connaissances relatives Ă  la contamination des porcs par Trichinella et au risque pour le consommateur, par rapport aux avis de l’Afssa de 2007 (Afssa 2007a, b, c, d, e) et Ă  la fiche de danger biologique transmissible par les aliments de 2011. Cette actualisation portera en particulier sur les nouvelles connaissances acquises relatives Ă  la relation dose-rĂ©ponse chez l’Homme. 2. Analyse de la probabilitĂ© de dĂ©tection de Trichinella dans la viande de porc. 3. Evaluation de l’adĂ©quation entre le systĂšme de surveillance actuel et le risque sanitaire pour le consommateur. Le pĂ©rimĂštre de l’expertise est limitĂ© aux Ă©levages corses de porcs en plein air

    Avis de l'Anses relatif à l’actualisation des repùres alimentaires du PNNS pour les enfants de 4 à 17 ans

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    Les bases scientifiques nĂ©cessaires Ă  l’établissement des repĂšres alimentaires du Programme National Nutrition SantĂ© (PNNS) ont Ă©tĂ© actualisĂ©es par l’Anses en 2016 pour la population gĂ©nĂ©rale adulte sur la base des nouvelles rĂ©fĂ©rences nutritionnelles et des donnĂ©es actuelles de consommation et de composition des aliment (Anses 2016d).Ces repĂšres concernant la population gĂ©nĂ©rale, hommes et femmes adultes hors populations particuliĂšres, le Directeur gĂ©nĂ©ral de la santĂ© a saisi l’Anses le 12 juillet 2016 afin que des repĂšres soient Ă©galement Ă©noncĂ©s pour les populations spĂ©cifiques que constituent les femmes enceintes et allaitantes, les enfants et adolescents et les personnes ĂągĂ©es et les femmes mĂ©nopausĂ©es. Le prĂ©sent avis concerne la population spĂ©cifique des enfants ĂągĂ©s de 4 Ă  17 ans
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