Pensamiento matemático y creatividad a través de la invención y resolución de problemas matemáticos

This work shows the relationship between the development of mathematical thinking and creativity with mathematical problem posing and solving. Creativity and mathematics are disciplines that do not usually appear together. Both concepts constitute complex processes sharing elements, such as fluency (number of ideas), flexibility (range of ideas), novelty (unique idea) and elaboration (idea development). These factors contribute, among others, to the fact that schoolchildren are competent in mathematics. The problem solving and posing are a very powerful evaluation tool that shows the mathematical reasoning and creative level of a person. Creativity is part of the mathematics education and is a necessary ingredient to perform mathematical assignments. This contribution presents some important research works about problem posing and solving related to the development of mathematical knowledge and creativity. To that end, it is based on various beliefs reflected in the literature with respect to notions of creativity, problem solving and posing.En este trabajo se muestra la relación entre el desarrollo del pensamiento matemático y la creatividad con la invención y resolución de problemas matemáticos. No son frecuentes las ocasiones en las que aparecen juntas Creatividad y Matemáticas. Ambas constituyen procesos complejos que comparten elementos como la fluidez (número de ideas), la flexibilidad (variedad de ideas), la novedad (idea única) y la elaboración (desarrollar una idea). Estos factores contribuyen, entre otras cosas, a que los escolares sean competentes en matemáticas. La invención y la resolución de problemas resultan ser un instrumento evaluador muy potente con el que se pone de manifiesto el nivel de razonamiento matemático y creativo de una persona. La creatividad forma parte de la educación matemática y constituye un ingrediente necesario para realizar las tareas matemáticas. Esta aportación presenta algunas investigaciones relevantes, que se han llevado a cabo sobre invención y resolución de problemas, vinculadas al desarrollo del conocimiento matemático y a la creatividad. Para ello se parte de las distintas creencias que se recogen en la literatura referente a las nociones de creatividad, invención de problemas y resolución de problemas

Pensamiento matemático y creatividad a través de la invención y resolución de problemas matemáticos

This work shows the relationship between the development of mathematical thinking and creativity with mathematical problem posing and solving. Creativity and mathematics are disciplines that do not usually appear together. Both concepts constitute complex processes sharing elements, such as fluency (number of ideas), flexibility (range of ideas), novelty (unique idea) and elaboration (idea development). These factors contribute, among others, to the fact that schoolchildren are competent in mathematics. The problem solving and posing are a very powerful evaluation tool that shows the mathematical reasoning and creative level of a person. Creativity is part of the mathematics education and is a necessary ingredient to perform mathematical assignments. This contribution presents some important research works about problem posing and solving related to the development of mathematical knowledge and creativity. To that end, it is based on various beliefs reflected in the literature with respect to notions of creativity, problem solving and posing.En este trabajo se muestra la relación entre el desarrollo del pensamiento matemático y la creatividad con la invención y resolución de problemas matemáticos. No son frecuentes las ocasiones en las que aparecen juntas Creatividad y Matemáticas. Ambas constituyen procesos complejos que comparten elementos como la fluidez (número de ideas), la flexibilidad (variedad de ideas), la novedad (idea única) y la elaboración (desarrollar una idea). Estos factores contribuyen, entre otras cosas, a que los escolares sean competentes en matemáticas. La invención y la resolución de problemas resultan ser un instrumento evaluador muy potente con el que se pone de manifiesto el nivel de razonamiento matemático y creativo de una persona. La creatividad forma parte de la educación matemática y constituye un ingrediente necesario para realizar las tareas matemáticas. Esta aportación presenta algunas investigaciones relevantes, que se han llevado a cabo sobre invención y resolución de problemas, vinculadas al desarrollo del conocimiento matemático y a la creatividad. Para ello se parte de las distintas creencias que se recogen en la literatura referente a las nociones de creatividad, invención de problemas y resolución de problemas

Plasma physics and control studies planned in JT-60SA for ITER and DEMO operations and risk mitigation

Lista completa de autores: Yoshida, M. ; Giruzzi, G.; Aiba, N.; Artaud, J. F.; Ayllon-Guerola, J.; Balbinot, L.; Beeke, O.; Belonohy, E.; Bettini, P.; Bin, W.; Bierwage, A.; Bolzonella, T.; Bonotto, M.; Boulbe, C.; Buermans, J.; Chernyshova, M.; Coda, S.; Coelho, R.; Davis, S.; Day, C.; De Tommasi, G.; Dibon, M.; Ejiri, A.; Falchetto, G.; Fassina, A.; Faugeras, B.; Figini, L.; Fukumoto, M.; Futatani, S.; Galazka, K.; García, J.; García-Muñoz, M.; Garzotti, L.; Giacomelli, L.; Giudicotti, L.; Hall, S.; Hayashi, N.; Hoa, C.; Honda, M.; Hoshino, K.; Iafrati, M.; Iantchenko, A.; Ide, S.; Iio, S.; Imazawa, R.; Inoue, S.; Isayama, A.; Joffrin, E.; Kamiya, K.; Ko, Y.; Kobayashi, M.; Kobayashi, T.; Kocsis, G.; Kovacsik, A.; Kurki-Suonio, T.; Lacroix, B.; Lang, P.; Lauber, P.; Louzguiti, A.; Luna, E. de la; Marchiori, G.; Mattei, M.; Matsuyama, A.; Mazzi, S.; Mele, A.; Michel, F.; Miyata, Y.; Morales, J.; Moreau, P.; Moro, A.; Nakano, T.; Nakata, M.; Narita, E.; Neu, R.; Nicollet, S.; Nocente, M.; Nowak, S.; Orsitto, F. P.; Ostuni, V.; Ohtani, Y.; Oyama, N.; Pasqualotto, R.; Pegourie, B.; Perelli, E.; Pigatto, L.; Piccinni, C.; Pironti, A.; Platania, P.; Ploeckl, B.; Ricci, D.; Roussel, P.; Rubino, G.; Sano, R.; Sarkimaki, K.; Shinohara, K.; Soare, S.; Sozzi, C.; Sumida, S.; Suzuki, T.; Suzuki, Y.; Szabolics, T.; Szepesi, T.; Takase, Y.; Takech, M.; Tamura, N.; Tanaka, K.; Tanaka, H.; Tardocchi, M.; Terakado, A.; Tojo, H.; Tokuzawa, T.; Torre, A.; Tsujii, N.; Tsutsui, H.; Ueda, Y.; Urano, H.; Valisa, M.; Vallar, M.; Vega, J.; Villone, F.; Wakatsuki, T.; Wauters, T.; Wischmeier, M.; Yamoto, S.; Zani, L.A large superconducting machine, JT-60SA has been constructed to provide major contributions to the ITER program and DEMO design. For the success of the ITER project and fusion reactor, understanding and development of plasma controllability in ITER and DEMO relevant higher beta regimes are essential. JT-60SA has focused the program on the plasma controllability for scenario development and risk mitigation in ITER as well as on investigating DEMO relevant regimes. This paper summarizes the high research priorities and strategy for the JT-60SA project. Recent works on simulation studies to prepare the plasma physics and control experiments are presented, such as plasma breakdown and equilibrium controls, hybrid and steady-state scenario development, and risk mitigation techniques. Contributions of JT-60SA to ITER and DEMO have been clarified through those studies.Comisión Europea - EURATOM 63305

Diverse Structures and Dimensionalities in Zn(II), Cd(II), and Hg(II) Metal Complexes with Piperonylic Acid

Reaction of M(MeCO2)2 (M = Zn(II), Cd(II), and Hg(II)) with 1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxylic acid (HPip) in methanol (MeOH) yields four piperonylate compounds, one of Zn(II) ([Zn(Pip)2(H2O)2] (1c)), two of Cd(II) ([Cd(μ-Pip)2(H2O)]n (2) and [Cd3(μ-Pip)6(MeOH)2]n (3)), and one of Hg(II) ([Hg(μ-Pip)2]n (4)). The obtention of compounds 1c and 4 was independent of the M/L ratio. These four compounds were characterized by analytical and spectroscopic techniques. In addition, the thermal stability of 1c, 2, and 4 has been studied, and the structure of all the complexes has been determined by the single crystal X-ray diffraction method. The Zn(II) compound displayed a monomeric structure, while Cd(II) and Hg(II) complexes exhibited three polymeric arrays. The Zn(II) (1c) and Hg(II) (4) centers are four- and eight-coordinated in a tetrahedral or squareantiprism geometry, respectively. Furthermore, the Cd(II) ions are either six- (2) or six- and seven- (3) coordinated in a octahedral or both octahedral and pentagonal bipyramid geometries, respectively. In these compounds, the Pip ligand presents different coordination modes: μ1-η1 (1c); μ2-η1:η1 and μ2-η2:η1 (2); μ2-η1:η1, μ2-η2:η1 and μ3-η2:η1:η1 (3); μ1-η2 and μ2-η2:η1 (4). The extended structures were also analyzed. Their photoluminescence properties have been examined, and the quantum yields have been calculated

Synthesis and characterization of three new Cu(II) paddle-wheel compounds with 1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxylic acid

Three different paddle wheel compounds have been synthesized, each one via a different synthetic pathway. The first method is the reaction of Cu(MeCO2)2 H2O with 1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxylic acid (Piperonylic acid, HPip) in a MeOH solution, yielding [Cu(m-Pip)2(MeOH)]2 (1). The second method is the transformation of the heteroleptic core paddle-wheel compound [Cu(m-MeCO2)(m-Pip)(MeOH)]2 into the homoleptic core paddle-wheel [Cu(m-Pip)2(DMSO)]2 2DMSO (2). Lastly, the third method is the substitution of the solvent molecule (DMF) present in the molecular array [Cu(m-Pip)2(DMF)]2 by 2-benzylpyridine (2-Bzpy) ligand, resulting in [Cu(m-Pip)2(2-Bzpy)]2 2.5MeOH H2O (3a). All compounds are characterized via EA, PXRD, ATR-FTIR, Far-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. For all three compounds, the X-ray crystal structure has been determined and their extended structures are discussed. Finally, TG/DTA measurements have been recorded

Tuning Photophysical Properties by p-Functional Groups in Zn(II) and Cd(II) Complexes with Piperonylic Acid

Aggregation between discrete molecules is an essential factor to prevent aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ). Indeed, functional groups capable of generating strong hydrogen bonds are likely to assemble and cause ACQ and photoinduced electron transfer processes. Thus, it is possible to compare absorption and emission properties by incorporating two ligands with a different bias toward intra- and intermolecular interactions that can induce a specific structural arrangement. In parallel, the π electron-donor or electron-withdrawing character of the functional groups could modify the Highest Ocuppied Molecular Orbital (HOMO)-Lowest Unocuppied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) energy gap. Reactions of M(OAc)2·2H2O (M = Zn(II) and Cd(II); OAc = acetate) with 1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxylic acid (Piperonylic acid, HPip) and 4-acetylpyridine (4-Acpy) or isonicotinamide (Isn) resulted in the formation of four complexes. The elucidation of their crystal structure showed the formation of one paddle-wheel [Zn(μ-Pip)2(4-Acpy)]2 (1); a mixture of one dimer and two monomers [Zn(µ-Pip)(Pip)(Isn)2]2·2[Zn(Pip)2(HPip)(Isn)]·2MeOH (2); and two dimers [Cd(μ-Pip)(Pip)(4-Acpy)2]2 (3) and [Cd(μ-Pip)(Pip)(Isn)2]2·MeOH (4). They exhibit bridged (1, µ2-η1:η1), bridged, chelated and monodentated (2, µ2-η1:η1, µ1-η1:η1 and µ1-η1), or simultaneously bridged and chelated (3 and 4, µ2-η2:η1) coordination modes. Zn(II) centers accommodate coordination numbers 5 and 6, whereas Cd(II) presents coordination number 7. We have related their photophysical properties and fluorescence quantum yields with their geometric variations and interactions supported by TD-DFT calculations

Advances in the physics studies for the JT-60SA tokamak exploitation and research plan

JT-60SA, the largest tokamak that will operate before ITER, has been designed and built jointly by Japan and Europe, and is due to start operation in 2020. Its main missions are to support ITER exploitation and to contribute to the demonstration fusion reactor machine and scenario design. Peculiar properties of JT-60SA are its capability to produce long-pulse, high-β, and highly shaped plasmas. The preparation of the JT-60SA Research Plan, plasma scenarios, and exploitation are producing physics results that are not only relevant to future JT-60SA experiments, but often constitute original contributions to plasma physics and fusion research. Results of this kind are presented in this paper, in particular in the areas of fast ion physics, highbeta plasma properties and control, and non-linear edge localised mode stability studies.EURATOM 63305

Reactivity of homoleptic and heteroleptic core paddle wheel Cu(II) compounds

The compound [Cu(μ-Pip)(μ-OAc)(MeOH)]2 (1) (Pip=Piperonylate, OAc=acetate, MeOH=methanol) has been obtained in high percentage yield. Its reactivity with pyridine/pyrazole derivative ligands (pyridine (py), 3-phenylpyridine (3-Phpy) and 4-acetylpyridine (4-Acpy)) and 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (3,5-dmpz) leads to four monomeric compounds: [Cu(Pip)2(dPy)2(H2O)] (dPy=py (2), 3-Phpy (3) and 4-Acpy (4a)) and [Cu(Pip)2(3,5-dmpz)2] (5). Furthermore, the reaction of 1 with HPip in MeOH:DMF solvent under reflux conditions yields the homoleptic core paddle-wheel compound [Cu(μ-Pip)2(DMF)]2·2DMF (6). The reaction between 6 and 2-benzylpyridine (2-Bzpy) yields the paddle-wheel core compound [Cu(Pip)2(2-Bzpy)]2 (7). All compounds have been fully characterized by analytical and spectroscopic techniques and their X-ray crystal structures have been determined. In this set of compounds, the carboxylate ligand (Pip) displays different coordination modes (monodentate (2-4), bidentate chelate (5) and bridged (1, 6 and 7)). Moreover, their extended structures are discussed: the crystal packing indicates hydrogen bond propagation, which defines 1D (2-5) or 2D (6 and 7) supramolecular networks

Reciprocal regulation of NF-kB (Relish) and subolesin in the tick vector, Ixodes scapularis

[Background]: Tick Subolesin and its ortholog in insects and vertebrates, Akirin, have been suggested to play a role in the immune response through regulation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB)-dependent and independent gene expression via interaction with intermediate proteins that interact with NF-kB and other regulatory proteins, bind DNA or remodel chromatin to regulate gene expression. The objective of this study was to characterize the structure and regulation of subolesin in Ixodes scapularis. I. scapularis is a vector of emerging pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia microti that cause in humans Lyme disease, anaplasmosis and babesiosis, respectively. The genome of I. scapularis was recently sequenced, and this tick serves as a model organism for the study of vector-host-pathogen interactions. However, basic biological questions such as gene organization and regulation are largely unknown in ticks and other arthropod vectors. [Principal Findings]: The results presented here provide evidence that subolesin/akirin are evolutionarily conserved at several levels (primary sequence, gene organization and function), thus supporting their crucial biological function in metazoans. These results showed that NF-kB (Relish) is involved in the regulation of subolesin expression in ticks, suggesting that as in other organisms, different NF-kB integral subunits and/or unknown interacting proteins regulate the specificity of the NF-kB-mediated gene expression. These results suggested a regulatory network involving cross-regulation between NF-kB (Relish) and Subolesin and Subolesin auto-regulation with possible implications in tick immune response to bacterial infection. [Significance]: These results advance our understanding of gene organization and regulation in I. scapularis and have important implications for arthropod vectors genetics and immunology highlighting the possible role of NF-kB and Subolesin/Akirin in vector-pathogen interactions and for designing new strategies for the control of vector infestations and pathogen transmission.This research was supported by grants BFU2008-01244/BMC and BFU2011-23896 to JF, the Oklahoma Agricultural Experimental Grant 1669 and the Walter R. Sitlington Endowed Chair for Food Animal Research to KMK, and the EU FP7 ANTIGONE project number 278976. V. Naranjo was funded by the European Social Fund and the Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (Program FSE 2007-2013), Spain. N. Ayllón was funded by Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (MEC), Spain.Peer Reviewe