14 research outputs found

    Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from infants with MLL-AF4+ acute leukemia harbor and express the MLL-AF4 fusion gene

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    MLL-AF4 fusion is a hallmark genetic abnormality in infant B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) known to arise in utero. The cellular origin of leukemic fusion genes during human development is difficult to ascertain. The bone marrow (BM) microenvironment plays an important role in the pathogenesis of several hematological malignances. BM mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) from 38 children diagnosed with cytogenetically different acute leukemias were screened for leukemic fusion genes. Fusion genes were absent in BM-MSCs of childhood leukemias carrying TEL-AML1, BCR-ABL, AML1-ETO, MLL-AF9, MLL-AF10, MLL-ENL or hyperdiploidy. However, MLL-AF4 was detected and expressed in BM-MSCs from all cases of MLL-AF4+ B-ALL. Unlike leukemic blasts, MLL-AF4+ BM-MSCs did not display monoclonal Ig gene rearrangements. Endogenous or ectopic expression of MLL-AF4 exerted no effect on MSC culture homeostasis. These findings suggest that MSCs may be in part tumor-related, highlighting an unrecognized role of the BM milieu on the pathogenesis of MLL-AF4+ B-ALL. MLL-AF4 itself is not sufficient for MSC transformation and the expression of MLL-AF4 in MSCs is compatible with a mesenchymal phenotype, suggesting a differential impact in the hematopoietic system and mesenchyme. The absence of monoclonal rearrangements in MLL-AF4+ BM-MSCs precludes the possibility of cellular plasticity or de-differentiation of B-ALL blasts and suggests that MLL-AF4 might arise in a population of prehematopoietic precursors

    L'enfermement

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    Ce numĂ©ro 47 d’AmĂ©rica est consacrĂ© Ă  l’enfermement. Dans une premiĂšre partie, est explorĂ© ce que semble susciter tout enfermement contraint : l’écriture, signe d’un changement d’assujetissement, un autre nomos grĂące auquel le sujet se re-saisit, dans l’épreuve de sa libĂ©ration symbolique.La deuxiĂšme partie s’ouvre Ă  d’autres modes d’enfermement Ă  partir d’espaces « concrets », qu’il s’agisse de la maison close, de l’hĂŽpital ou de la chambre, comme autant de possibilitĂ©s d’investissement hĂ©tĂ©rotopiques.Enfin la troisiĂšme partie concentre la rĂ©flexion sur les « mondes » issus de la clĂŽture du langage, que ce soit dans la fiction narrative, l’espace pictural ou poĂ©matique, que cette dynamique soit « mondaine » au sens phĂ©nomĂ©nologique (perception, intersubjectivitĂ©), spĂ©culative ou mĂ©taphysique

    A global review of the impacts of invasive cats on island endangered vertebrates

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    Cats are generalist predators that have been widely introduced to the world's ~179 000 islands. Once introduced to islands, cats prey on a variety of native species many of which lack evolved defenses against mammalian predators and can suffer severe population declines and even extinction. As islands house a disproportionate share of terrestrial biodiversity, the impacts of invasive cats on islands may have significant biodiversity impacts. Much of this threatened biodiversity can be protected by eradicating cats from islands. Information on the relative impacts of cats on different native species in different types of island ecosystems can increase the efficiency of this conservation tool. We reviewed feral cat impacts on native island vertebrates. Impacts of feral cats on vertebrates have been reported from at least 120 different islands on at least 175 vertebrates (25 reptiles, 123 birds, and 27 mammals), many of which are listed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. A meta-analysis suggests that cat impacts were greatest on endemic species, particularly mammals and greater when non-native prey species were also introduced. Feral cats on islands are responsible for at least 14% global bird, mammal, and reptile extinctions and are the principal threat to almost 8% of critically endangered birds, mammals, and reptiles.This work has received support from the European Union by the projects CGL-2004-0161 BOS co-financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education, the DIREN PACA via Life Nature project (ref. LIFE03NAT/F000105), the French National Research Agency (ALLIENS project) and the MEDAD (Ecotropic programme). EB was financed by a CR PACA PhD fellowship. Brian M. Fitzgerald made a critical read of this review, supporting interesting annotations and suggestions. Pedro Jordano made useful comments on the early draft of the manuscript, and Karl J. Campbell and an anonymous referee did it on its final stage.Peer reviewe

    Les crises de la dette publique

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    Ce livre a pour objectif de soumettre Ă  l’expertise des historiens la question qui agite autant le monde savant que les politiques, les citoyens et les mĂ©dias : comment un État ou un groupe d’États peut-il entrer dans une crise de la dette publique et comment peut-il s’en sortir ? Il semble bien en effet que les historiens disposent d’un vaste champ expĂ©rimental, susceptible d’autoriser les comparaisons dans le temps et dans l’espace. Au-delĂ  des variations fortes du contexte dans lequel leurs observations s’insĂšrent, leurs constats peuvent ainsi entrer en rĂ©sonance avec les thĂ©ories ou les faits Ă©noncĂ©s ou rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©s par les Ă©conomistes et les sociologues, ouvrant ainsi la voie Ă  un vĂ©ritable dialogue interdisciplinaire. Les exemples ne manquent pas, ils foisonnent, de moments critiques oĂč les États se sont trouvĂ©s dans une situation de surendettement qu’ils ne parvenaient plus Ă  surmonter. Ce livre entend rendre compte de ces Ă©pisodes sans doute improprement appelĂ©s « crises ». Il s’agit, en effet, d’interroger les auteurs sur un faisceau d’expĂ©riences historiques depuis le XVIIIe siĂšcle jusqu’à nos jours, et de leur demander d’analyser Ă  la fois les Ă©volutions qui ont conduit Ă  une montĂ©e de la dette publique et les remĂšdes qui ont pu ĂȘtre appliquĂ©s pour tenter de la juguler. De l’AmĂ©rique latine Ă  la Russie, le spectre gĂ©ographique de cette publication a une large portĂ©e internationale, l’ouvrage ne dĂ©livre certes pas de recettes mais apporte un nouvel Ă©clairage sur des processus qui peuvent faire dĂ©raper la dette publique et sur les mĂ©thodes employĂ©es pour la rĂ©duire, l’endiguer, voire l’annuler
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