60 research outputs found

    Effets chroniques de l’exercice ciblĂ© au niveau d’oxydation maximale des lipides (LIPOXmax) sur le comportement alimentaire de sujets obĂšses sĂ©dentaires

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    International audiencePhysical exercise has both a satiating and an orexigenic effect. The latter seems to be favored by glycogen depletion and thus by high intensity exercise. The balance between these two effects is likely to strongly determine the effect of muscle activity on fat loss. Our hypothesis is that the efficiency of training targeted in the zone of maximal lipid oxidation is at least in part explained by alterations in eating behavior. We studied 25 overweight and obese subjects, including 21 women and 4 men. On the whole these subjects lost weight: –2.05 ± 0.8 kg; P < 0.02 and this loss was due to a loss in fat mass (–1.68 ± 0.81 kg; P < 0.05) while FFM was preserved. Five subjects (20%) gained weight (ranging from 0.1 to 1.9 kg), two (8%) had a stable weight and 18 (72%) lost weight (from 0.4 to 21.2 kg). After the first session of training: satiety was unchanged, but hunger was increased (1.15 ± 0.53; P < 0.05) and the subjects were less thinking of food (P < 0.05). Throughout the sessions there was a gradual increase in the satiety score (P < 0.05), and subjects were less thinking of food (P < 0.05). After training, the acute effect of an exercise session on the appetite scale was modified. The acute orexigenic effect (increased hunger) decreases (–1.17 ± 0.40; P < 0.01) as well as the desire to eat (–1.35 ± 0.61, P < 0.05), the amount of food we could eat (–1.25 ± 0.57, P < 0.05) and the will to eat food (–1.78 ± 0.58, P < 0.01). Caloric intake decreased after 8 weeks by 362.69 ± 91.2 kcal/d (P < 0.01) due to a decrease in fat intake (0.17 ± 0.06 g/kg/day; P < 0.02) which was explained in turn by a decrease in the percentage of fat in diet (from 25% to 21% P < 0.05) and reduced snacking that goes from 44% to 18% of subjects tested (P < 0.01). This decrease in snacking is correlated with that of the item “I think about food” on the scale (Spearman rank correlation r = 0.634 P = 0.003). This work therefore shows that LIPOXmax training in obese subjects increases satiety at rest and decreases the orexigenic effect of a single session, and decreased caloric intake and snacking at a correspondingly lower thoughts directed towards the food, resulting in weight loss in 72% of subjects. The slimming effect of training at LIPOXmax seems to be explained at least in part by an increase in satiating effect and decreased orexigenic effect of exercise, resulting in a measurable decrease in calorie intake. These results thus evidence a new mechanism that increases the interest in this variety of training in the management of obesity.L’exercice physique a un effet satiĂ©togĂšne et un effet orexigĂšne, ce dernier semblant favorisĂ© par la dĂ©plĂ©tion glycogĂ©nique et les exercices Ă  haute intensitĂ©. L’équilibre entre ces deux effets semble dĂ©terminer fortement l’effet de l’activitĂ© musculaire sur l’adipositĂ©. Notre hypothĂšse est que l’efficacitĂ© du rĂ©entraĂźnement au LIPOXmax s’expliquerait partiellement par une modulation du comportement alimentaire. L’effet chronique de l’entraĂźnement ciblĂ© au LIPOXmax a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ© chez 25 sujets en surpoids (IMC ≄ 25 kg/m2) et obĂšses (IMC ≄ 30 kg/m2) dont 21 femmes et 4 hommes. Dans l’ensemble les 25 sujets ont maigri : –2,05 ± 0,8 kg ; p < 0,02 en perdant de la MG (–1,68 ± 0,81 kg ; p < 0,05) et pas de la MM. Cinq sujets (20 %) ont grossi (de 0,1 Ă  1,9), deux (8 %) ont eu un poids stable et 18 (72 %) ont maigri (de 0,4 Ă  21,2 kg). L’échelle de Hill est modifiĂ©e par la premiĂšre sĂ©ance de rĂ©entraĂźnement : juste aprĂšs celle-ci la satiĂ©tĂ© est inchangĂ©e, la faim augmente (+1,15 ± 0,53 ; p < 0,05) et les sujets pensent moins Ă  la nourriture (p < 0,05). Au fil des sĂ©ances, on voit augmenter le score de satiĂ©tĂ© (p < 0,05), et les sujets pensent moins Ă  la nourriture (p < 0,05). L’effet immĂ©diat d’une sĂ©ance sur l’échelle de Hill se modifie. L’effet orexigĂšne aigu de celle-ci (augmentation de faim) diminue (–1,17 ± 0,40 p < 0,01) ainsi que l’intensitĂ© du dĂ©sir de manger. L’envie de manger (–1,35 ± 0,61 ; p < 0,05), et la quantitĂ© de nourriture que l’on pourrait manger (–1,25 ± 0,57 ; p < 0,05) et on pense moins Ă  la nourriture (–1,78 ± 0,58 ; p < 0,01). La ration alimentaire des sujets aprĂšs 8 semaines de rĂ©entraĂźnement au LIPOXmax a baissĂ© de 362,69 ± 91,2 kcal/j (p < 0,01) en raison d’une baisse de la ration lipidique de 0,17 ± 0,06 g/kg/j (p < 0,02) ce qui reprĂ©sente une diminution de pourcentage de lipides dans la ration alimentaire passant de 25 % Ă  21 % (p < 0,05) et une baisse du grignotage qui passe de 44 % Ă  18 % des sujets testĂ©s (p < 0,01). Cette baisse du grignotage est corrĂ©lĂ©e Ă  celle de l’item (je pense Ă  la nourriture) de l’échelle de Hill (corrĂ©lation des rangs de Spearman r = 0,634, p = 0,003). Ce travail montre donc que l’entraĂźnement au LIPOXmax des sujets obĂšses augmente la sensation de satiĂ©tĂ© au repos, diminue progressivement l’effet orexigĂšne d’une sĂ©ance isolĂ©e, et diminue la consommation calorique et le grignotage corrĂ©lativement Ă  une diminution des pensĂ©es dirigĂ©es vers la nourriture, dĂ©terminant une perte de poids chez 72 % des sujets. L’effet amaigrissant du rĂ©entraĂźnement au LIPOXmax semble donc s’expliquer au moins en partie par une augmentation de l’effet satiĂ©togĂšne et une diminution de l’effet orexigĂšne de l’exercice, entraĂźnant une modification mesurable de la prise alimentaire. Ces rĂ©sultats mettent ainsi en Ă©vidence un nouveau mĂ©canisme qui renforce l’intĂ©rĂȘt de ce type de rĂ©entraĂźnement dans la prise en charge de l’obĂ©sitĂ©

    Single-mode waveguides for GRAVITY II. Single-mode fibers and Fiber Control Unit

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    The 2nd generation VLTI instrument GRAVITY is a two-field infrared interferometer operating in the K band between 1.97 and 2.43 Ό\mum with either the four 8 m or the four 1.8 m telescopes of the Very Large Telescope (VLT). Beams collected by the telescopes are corrected with adaptive optics systems and the fringes are stabilized with a fringe-tracking system. A metrology system allows the measurement of internal path lengths in order to achieve high-accuracy astrometry. High sensitivity and high interferometric accuracy are achieved thanks to (i) correction of the turbulent phase, (ii) the use of low-noise detectors, and (iii) the optimization of photometric and coherence throughput. Beam combination and most of the beam transport are performed with single-mode waveguides in vacuum and at low temperature. In this paper, we present the functions and performance achieved with weakly birefringent standard single-mode fiber systems in GRAVITY. Fibered differential delay lines (FDDLs) are used to dynamically compensate for up to 6 mm of delay between the science and reference targets. Fibered polarization rotators allow us to align polarizations in the instrument and make the single-mode beam combiner close to polarization neutral. The single-mode fiber system exhibits very low birefringence (less than 23{\deg}), very low attenuation (3.6-7 dB/km across the K band), and optimized differential dispersion (less than 2.04 Ό\murad cm2 at zero extension of the FDDLs). As a consequence, the typical fringe contrast losses due to the single-mode fibers are 6% to 10% in the lowest-resolution mode and 5% in the medium- and high-resolution modes of the instrument for a photometric throughput of the fiber chain of the order of 90%. There is no equivalent of this fiber system to route and modally filter beams with delay and polarization control in any other K-band beamcombiner.Comment: 14 pages including 2 appendices, 8 figures in the main text plus 2 figures in the appendices, final version published in A&

    First direct detection of an exoplanet by optical interferometry; Astrometry and K-band spectroscopy of HR8799 e

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    To date, infrared interferometry at best achieved contrast ratios of a few times 10−410^{-4} on bright targets. GRAVITY, with its dual-field mode, is now capable of high contrast observations, enabling the direct observation of exoplanets. We demonstrate the technique on HR8799, a young planetary system composed of four known giant exoplanets. We used the GRAVITY fringe tracker to lock the fringes on the central star, and integrated off-axis on the HR8799e planet situated at 390 mas from the star. Data reduction included post-processing to remove the flux leaking from the central star and to extract the coherent flux of the planet. The inferred K band spectrum of the planet has a spectral resolution of 500. We also derive the astrometric position of the planet relative to the star with a precision on the order of 100 Ό\,\muas. The GRAVITY astrometric measurement disfavors perfectly coplanar stable orbital solutions. A small adjustment of a few degrees to the orbital inclination of HR 8799 e can resolve the tension, implying that the orbits are close to, but not strictly coplanar. The spectrum, with a signal-to-noise ratio of ≈5\approx 5 per spectral channel, is compatible with a late-type L brown dwarf. Using Exo-REM synthetic spectra, we derive a temperature of 1150±501150\pm50\,K and a surface gravity of 104.3±0.3 10^{4.3\pm0.3}\,cm/s2^{2}. This corresponds to a radius of 1.17−0.11+0.13 RJup1.17^{+0.13}_{-0.11}\,R_{\rm Jup} and a mass of 10−4+7 MJup10^{+7}_{-4}\,M_{\rm Jup}, which is an independent confirmation of mass estimates from evolutionary models. Our results demonstrate the power of interferometry for the direct detection and spectroscopic study of exoplanets at close angular separations from their stars.Comment: published in A&

    Submilliarcsecond Optical Interferometry of the High-mass X-Ray Binary BP Cru with VLTI/GRAVITY

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    This is the final version. Available from American Astronomical Society via the DOI in this recordWe observe the high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) BP Cru using interferometry in the near-infrared K band with VLTI/GRAVITY. Continuum visibilities are at most partially resolved, consistent with the predicted size of the hypergiant. Differential visibility amplitude () and phase () signatures are observed across the He i and BrÎł lines, the latter seen strongly in emission, unusual for the donor star's spectral type. For a baseline m, the differential phase rms corresponds to an astrometric precision of . We generalize expressions for image centroid displacements and variances in the marginally resolved limit of interferometry to spectrally resolved data, and use them to derive model-independent properties of the emission such as its asymmetry, extension, and strong wavelength dependence. We propose geometric models based on an extended and distorted wind and/or a high-density gas stream, which has long been predicted to be present in this system. The observations show that optical interferometry is now able to resolve HMXBs at the spatial scale where accretion takes place, and therefore to probe the effects of the gravitational and radiation fields of the compact object on its environment

    Detection of the gravitational redshift in the orbit of the star S2 near the Galactic centre massive black hole

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    This is the author accepted manuscript. the final version is available from EDP Sciences via the DOI in this recordThe highly elliptical, 16-year-period orbit of the star S2 around the massive black hole candidate Sgr A∗ is a sensitive probe of the gravitational field in the Galactic centre. Near pericentre at 120 AU ≈ 1400 Schwarzschild radii, the star has an orbital speed of ≈ 7650 km s-1, such that the first-order effects of Special and General Relativity have now become detectable with current capabilities. Over the past 26 years, we have monitored the radial velocity and motion on the sky of S2, mainly with the SINFONI and NACO adaptive optics instruments on the ESO Very Large Telescope, and since 2016 and leading up to the pericentre approach in May 2018, with the four-telescope interferometric beam-combiner instrument GRAVITY. From data up to and including pericentre, we robustly detect the combined gravitational redshift and relativistic transverse Doppler effect for S2 of z = Δλ / λ ≈ 200 km s-1/c with different statistical analysis methods. When parameterising the post-Newtonian contribution from these effects by a factor f, with f = 0 and f = 1 corresponding to the Newtonian and general relativistic limits, respectively, we find from posterior fitting with different weighting schemes f = 0.90 ± 0.09|stat ± 0.15|sys. The S2 data are inconsistent with pure Newtonian dynamics

    Multiple star systems in the Orion nebula

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    This is the author accepted manuscript. The final fersion is available from EDP Sciences via the DOI in this record.This work presents an interferometric study of the massive-binary fraction in the Orion Trapezium cluster with the recently comissioned GRAVITY instrument. We observed a total of 16 stars of mainly OB spectral type. We find three previously unknown companions for ξ1 Ori B, ξ2 Ori B, and ξ2 Ori C. We determined a separation for the previously suspected companion of NU Ori. We confirm four companions for ξ1 Ori A, ξ1 Ori C, ξ1 Ori D, and ξ2 Ori A, all with substantially improved astrometry and photometric mass estimates. We refined the orbit of the eccentric high-mass binary ξ1 Ori C and we are able to derive a new orbit for ξ1 Ori D. We find a system mass of 21.7 M⊙ and a period of 53 days. Together with other previously detected companions seen in spectroscopy or direct imaging, eleven of the 16 high-mass stars are multiple systems. We obtain a total number of 22 companions with separations up to 600 AU. The companion fraction of the early B and O stars in our sample is about two, significantly higher than in earlier studies of mostly OB associations. The separation distribution hints toward a bimodality. Such a bimodality has been previously found in A stars, but rarely in OB binaries, which up to this point have been assumed to be mostly compact with a tail of wider companions. We also do not find a substantial population of equal-mass binaries. The observed distribution of mass ratios declines steeply with mass, and like the direct star counts, indicates that our companions follow a standard power law initial mass function. Again, this is in contrast to earlier findings of flat mass ratio distributions in OB associations. We excluded collision as a dominant formation mechanism but find no clear preference for core accretion or competitive accretion.Marie SkƂodowska-Curie Grant AgreementFCT-PortugalERC Starting Gran

    First light for GRAVITY: Phase referencing optical interferometry for the Very Large Telescope Interferometer

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    Exploration dĂ©taillĂ©e des composantes de la glycorĂ©gulation chez des sportifs sujets aux hypoglycĂ©mies d’effort. IntĂ©rĂȘt de l’oral minimal model

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    Contexte Les hypoglycĂ©mies Ă  l’exercice (HE) sont une situation trĂšs frĂ©quente mais peu Ă©tudiĂ©e. Elles surviennent chez des sujets prĂ©sentant des valeurs Ă©levĂ©es d’insulino-sensibilitĂ© (SI) et d’efficience glucidique (SG). SI et SG peuvent ĂȘtre calculĂ©es Ă  partir de repas-tests par une modĂ©lisation mathĂ©matique qui permet aussi une Ă©tude approfondie des composantes de la sĂ©crĂ©tion d’insuline. MĂ©thodes et rĂ©sultats Nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© les rĂ©sultats fournis par cette mĂ©thode chez 19 sportifs se plaignant d’HE comparĂ©s Ă  58 sportifs appariĂ©s ne prĂ©sentant pas ce problĂšme. On observe des valeurs plus Ă©levĂ©es de SI (p < 0,05) et SG (p < 0,03), mais l’insulino-sĂ©crĂ©tion globale Ίoral est comparable. Cependant, l’une des composantes de celle-ci, la sensibilitĂ© ÎČ-pancrĂ©atique au glucose est en moyenne plus haute (p < 0,04) car dans 30 % des cas, elle sort de l’enveloppe des valeurs usuelles pour des sportifs, tout en demeurant dans l’enveloppe normale d’une population gĂ©nĂ©rale. Globalement, la tolĂ©rance aux glucides (produit Ίoral × SI) est plus Ă©levĂ©e de 58 % (p < 0,04). Conclusion Ainsi, ces sujets ont une assimilation glucidique massive, leur sĂ©crĂ©tion d’insuline se rĂ©duisant de façon compensatoire mais cette rĂ©duction a des limites et peut s’avĂ©rer insuffisante, notamment en ce qui concerne la sensibilitĂ© ÎČ-pancrĂ©atique au glucose. Mots clĂ©s HypoglycĂ©mie; Exercice; Repas-test; Insulino-sensibilitĂ©; Insulino-sĂ©crĂ©tion; Minimal model

    Quelles sont les limites de normalitĂ© du LIPOXmax ? Peut-on le prĂ©dire sans effectuer de calorimĂ©trie d’effort ?

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    Objectif : L’exploration de la variabilitĂ© de l’exercice physique exercĂ© pendant l’enfance et l’adolescence est d’autant plus cruciale qu’elle se rĂ©percute sur le comportement de l’adulte, comme il a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©. Par consĂ©quent, le but de cette recherche Ă©tait d’enquĂȘter sur le rĂŽle de la gĂ©nĂ©tique familiale et des facteurs environnementaux dans les diffĂ©rences individuelles concernant l’exercice physique. Objectif : La calorimĂ©trie d’effort (Caleff) permettant de cibler l’activitĂ© physique au Lipoxmax, niveau de frĂ©quence cardiaque et de puissance auxquelles l’oxydation lipidique est maximale, nous avons cherchĂ© Ă  dĂ©terminer : (1) si l’on peut « prĂ©dire » le Lipoxmax sans rĂ©aliser d’épreuve d’effort, en se basant seulement sur les puissances, frĂ©quence cardiaque et VO2max thĂ©oriques (Pmaxth, FCmaxth et VO2 maxth) ? (2) quelle est l’enveloppe des valeurs normales de ces paramĂštres de Caleff ? Patients et rĂ©sultats : Sept cent cinquante-neuf patients ont rĂ©alisĂ© une Caleff Ă  quatre paliers de six minutes avec dĂ©termination du Lipoxmax et du point de croisement (PCX). L’oxydation des lipides mesurĂ©e au Lipoxmax varie entre 38 et 1073 mg/min (mĂ©diane 189 ; limite de 25 % des valeurs les plus basses (Linf25) : 140 mg/min). Le Lipoxmax survient entre 3,6 et 101,5 % de la Pmaxth (mĂ©diane 29 % ; Linf25 : 22 %), soit Ă  64,01 ± 0,52 % de la FCmaxth (Linf25 : 58 %) ou 29 % de la FCrĂ©serve, soit encore environ 45 % de VO2max. Un ciblage thĂ©orique Ă  ces mĂ©dianes ±5 % ne correspondrait au Lipoxmax dans 30–40 % des cas, c’est-Ă -dire que 60–70 % des patients ne seraient pas entraĂźnĂ©s au bon niveau. Le PCX est en moyenne Ă  32 % de la Pmaxth (mĂ©diane 29,4 % ; Linf25 Ă  23,4 %). Conclusion : Ces donnĂ©es dĂ©finissent des valeurs seuil pour parler de diminution de l’aptitude Ă  oxyder les lipides (dĂ©bit d’oxydation infĂ©rieur Ă  140 mg/min ou culminant Ă  infĂ©rieur Ă  22 % de la Pmaxth ou infĂ©rieur Ă  58 % de la FCmaxth). En revanche, la Caleff reste indispensable pour dĂ©terminer ces niveaux qui sont distribuĂ©s sur une vaste plage de puissances et ne sont pas pour l’instant prĂ©dictibles. Mots clĂ©s : Exercice ; LIPOXmax ; Oxydation des lipides
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