L’électricité est-elle un bien public ?

La fourniture d’électricité s’organise de plus en plus autour de marchés décentralisés encadrés par les règles de la concurrence. Or les pannes survenues sur les réseaux électriques dans certaines régions du monde ces dernières années suggèrent que ces règles ne sont pas compatibles avec la position selon laquelle la sécurité d’approvisionnement en électricité est un bien public. L’objectif de cet article est de montrer que cette sécurité, et plus généralement la fourniture d’électricité, est un bien composite, à la fois public impur et privé. Il souligne le fait, apparemment occulté dans les débats publics actuels mais pourtant bien connu des gestionnaires de réseaux de transport, que la fiabilité varie géographiquement. Cela a des implications concernant la demande de sécurité d’approvisionnement. Alors que le caractère de bien public explique pourquoi certaines entreprises préfèrent que d’autres investissent pour maintenir un niveau de sécurité, le caractère de bien privé renvoie à l’existence de préférences différenciées pour cette sécurité. Le caractère composite de la fourniture d’électricité a des implications pour la politique de régulation de la sécurité d’approvisionnement dans le secteur de l’énergie électrique, ce que nous démontrons en nous appuyant sur le concept d’externalité politiquement pertinente. Les décideurs publics ne devraient pas, par exemple, chercher à faire payer à tous les usagers, et de manière uniforme, un investissement visant à améliorer la sécurité d’approvisionnement sur la seule base qu’ils en retirent un effet externe positif. Il est pertinent qu’ils paient pour cette amélioration seulement dans le cas où ce paiement viendrait affecter leurs propres décisions de consommation. Ce résultat suggère l’intérêt d’un marché de sécurité à la carte, complémentaire des marchés de gros, à condition que les coûts de transaction ne soient pas élevés

L’électricité est-elle un bien public ?.

Le caractère composite de la fourniture d’électricité a des implications pour la politique de régulation de la sécurité d’approvisionnement dans le secteur de l’énergie électrique, ce que nous démontrons en nous appuyant sur le concept d’externalité politiquement pertinente. Les décideurs publics ne devraient pas, par exemple, chercher à faire payer à tous les usagers, et de manière uniforme, un investissement visant à améliorer la sécurité d’approvisionnement sur la seule base qu’ils en retirent un effet externe positif. Il est pertinent qu’ils paient pour cette amélioration seulement dans le cas où ce paiement viendrait affecter leurs propres décisions de consommation. Ce résultat suggère l’intérêt d’un marché de sécurité à la carte, complémentaire des marchés de gros, à condition que les coûts de transaction ne soient pas élevés.

The Role Of Character In The Hiring Process: A Pilot Study Survey Of College Seniors Potential Employers

We surveyed 31 prospective employers (65% response rate) regarding their views on character as part of the employment selection process. The results showed character qualities superordinate, relative to skills that prospective employees bring to potential jobs. We discuss survey results in light of business educators responsibility for helping students to internalize ethical decision-making. Although the results show employers making few company changes due to the medias attention on corporate scandals, respondents express that the pool of applicants with strong character is shrinking. They expect that character training will occur prior to employment in a variety of milieuincluding higher education

The Role Of Character In The Hiring Process: A Pilot Study Survey Of College Seniors’ Potential Employers

We surveyed 31 prospective employers (65% response rate) regarding their views on character as part of the employment selection process. The results showed character qualities superordinate, relative to skills that prospective employees bring to potential jobs. We discuss survey results in light of business educators’ responsibility for helping students to internalize ethical decision-making. Although the results show employers making few company changes due to the media’s attention on corporate scandals, respondents express that the pool of applicants with strong character is shrinking. They expect that character training will occur prior to employment in a variety of milieu—including higher education

An Analysis of How Students Take the Initiative in Keyboard-to-Keyboard Tutorial Dialogues in a Fixed Domain

By student initiatives we mean productions which the student could reasonably expect to modify the course of the tutorial dialog;ue. Asking a question is one kind of student initiative. This paper describes a system called CircSim-Tutor which we are building, the background of the project, the 28 hour-long tutoring sessions jmalyzed in this paper, and the analysis done. It compares our work to previous work, gives a classification of the student initiatives found and of the tutor's responses to them, and discusses some examples

Towards practical reinforcement learning for tokamak magnetic control

Reinforcement learning (RL) has shown promising results for real-time control systems, including the domain of plasma magnetic control. However, there are still significant drawbacks compared to traditional feedback control approaches for magnetic confinement. In this work, we address key drawbacks of the RL method; achieving higher control accuracy for desired plasma properties, reducing the steady-state error, and decreasing the required time to learn new tasks. We build on top of \cite{degrave2022magnetic}, and present algorithmic improvements to the agent architecture and training procedure. We present simulation results that show up to 65\% improvement in shape accuracy, achieve substantial reduction in the long-term bias of the plasma current, and additionally reduce the training time required to learn new tasks by a factor of 3 or more. We present new experiments using the upgraded RL-based controllers on the TCV tokamak, which validate the simulation results achieved, and point the way towards routinely achieving accurate discharges using the RL approach

Women and ARVâ based prevention: opportunities and challenges

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138349/1/jia29419.pd

Dissolving the dichotomies between online and campus-based teaching: a collective response to The manifesto for teaching online (Bayne et al. 2020)

This article is a collective response to the 2020 iteration of The Manifesto for Teaching Online. Originally published in 2011 as 20 simple but provocative statements, the aim was, and continues to be, to critically challenge the normalization of education as techno-corporate enterprise and the failure to properly account for digital methods in teaching in Higher Education. The 2020 Manifesto continues in the same critically provocative fashion, and, as the response collected here demonstrates, its publication could not be timelier. Though the Manifesto was written before the Covid-19 pandemic, many of the responses gathered here inevitably reflect on the experiences of moving to digital, distant, online teaching under unprecedented conditions. As these contributions reveal, the challenges were many and varied, ranging from the positive, breakthrough opportunities that digital learning offered to many students, including the disabled, to the problematic, such as poor digital networks and access, and simple digital poverty. Regardless of the nature of each response, taken together, what they show is that The Manifesto for Teaching Online offers welcome insights into and practical advice on how to teach online, and creatively confront the supremacy of face-to-face teaching