Spanish jurisprudence on illegal immigrant smugling

This legal analysis provides an overview of relevant Spanish case-law on illegal immigrant smuggling, highlighting the main obstacles faced by Spanish courts in dealing with such cases and solutions emerging therefrom. This product is based on the examination of a representative sample of 14 court cases amongst those made available by the Spanish National Member at Eurojust and others collected through legal research. These cases relate mostly to the assertion Spanish jurisdiction on the high seas and the gathering and admissibility of evidence. Annex I provides an synopsis of the examined jurisprudence. It is important to note that this work is part of a broader project conducted under the auspices of the Thematic Group on Illegal Immigrant Smuggling and intended to analyse the obstacles and solutions in investigations and prosecutions stemming from the case-law of other Member States most engaged in administering justice in relation to illegal immigrant smuggling. In this respect, it is worth remarking that the analysis of relevant Italian jurisprudence on the subject has already been carried out. The final aim and envisaged product of this project is to reach – on the basis of an integrated analysis of all the domestic legal and judicial approaches assessed - a holistic overview of the key challenges and best practices in prosecuting this crime across the EUEste análisis jurídico ofrece una visión general de la jurisprudencia española relevante en materia de tráfico de inmigrantes ilegales, destacando los principales obstáculos a los que se enfrentan los tribunales españoles para tratar estos casos y las soluciones que surgen de ellos. Este producto se basa en el examen de una muestra representativa de 14 casos judiciales entre los que el Miembro Nacional Español de Eurojust y otros recogidos a través de la investigación jurídica. Estos casos se refieren principalmente a la afirmación de la jurisdicción española en alta mar y a la obtención y admisibilidad de pruebas. En el Anexo I se ofrece una sinopsis de la jurisprudencia examinada. Es importante señalar que este trabajo forma parte de un proyecto más amplio llevado a cabo bajo los auspicios del Grupo Temático sobre Tráfico Ilícito de Inmigrantes y que tiene como objetivo analizar los obstáculos y soluciones en las investigaciones y procesamientos que se derivan de la jurisprudencia de otros Estados Miembros más comprometidos con la administración de justicia en relación con el tráfico ilícito de inmigrantes. A este respecto, cabe señalar que ya se ha llevado a cabo el análisis de la jurisprudencia italiana pertinente sobre el tema. El objetivo final y el producto previsto de este proyecto es alcanzar -sobre la base de un análisis integrado de todos los enfoques jurídicos y judiciales nacionales evaluados- una visión general holística de los principales retos y las mejores prácticas en el enjuiciamiento de este delito en toda la U

Which individual, social and environmental influences shape key phases in the amphetamine type stimulant use trajectory? A systematic narrative review and thematic synthesis of the qualitative literature

Background and aims: There is limited evidence on what shapes amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) use trajectories. This systematic narrative review and qualitative synthesis aimed to identify individual, social and environmental influences shaping key phases in the ATS use trajectory: initiation, continuation, increase/relapse and decrease/abstinence. Methods: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and PROQUEST (social science premium collection) were searched from 2000 to 2018. Studies of any qualitative design were eligible for inclusion. Extracted data were analysed according to four key phases within drug pathways, and then cross-analysed for individual, social and environmental influences. Results: Forty-four papers based on 39 unique studies were included, reporting the views of 1879 ATS users. Participants were aged 14–58 years, from varied socio-economic and demographic groups, and located in North America, Europe, Australasia and South East Asia. Reasons for initiation included: to boost performance at work and in sexual relationships, promote a sense of social ‘belonging’ and help manage stress. Similar reasons motivated continued use, combined with the challenge of managing withdrawal effects in long-term users. Increased tolerance and/or experiencing a critical life event contributed to an increase in use. Reasons for decrease focused on: increased awareness of the negative health impacts of long-term use, disconnecting from social networks or relationships and financial instability. Conclusions: Amphetamine-type stimulant users are a highly diverse population, and their drug use careers are shaped by a complex dynamic of individual, social and environmental factors. Tailored, joined-up interventions are needed to address users’ overlapping economic, health and social care needs in order to support long-term abstinence