Enfermedad de alzheimer. Nuevos criterios diagnósticos e implicaciones en la práctica clínica.

The progress made in recent years in research on Alzheimer's disease (AD) have necessitated a change in the diagnostic criteria of this disease. Therefore, in 2011 the new diagnostics for AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer criteria proposed by the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) were published. These new criteria emphasize that the pathophysiological process of AD begins several years before the first clinical symptoms appear and propose the use of biomarkers able to predict progression to AD in preclinical stages, and to support the diagnosis in phases of MCI or dementia. Although most biomarkers currently are being used for research purposes, it is likely that in the near future are also available in clinical practice. The number of patients with EA continues to grow in a population such as ours increasingly aging; therefore, in this manner, these new criteria aim to make an early diagnosis of AD that allows establishing treatments capable of modifying the course of disease when available.Los avances realizados en los últimos años en la investigación sobre la Enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) han hecho necesario un cambio en los criterios diagnósticos de esta enfermedad. Por ello, en 2011 se publicaron los nuevos criterios diagnósticos para EA y deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL) debido a Alzheimer propuestos por el Instituto Nacional sobre el Envejecimiento y la Asociación de Alzheimer (NIA-AA). Estos nuevos criterios resaltan que el proceso fisiopatológico de la EA comienza varios años antes de que se manifiesten los primeros síntomas clínicos y proponen la utilización de biomarcadores capaces de predecir la progresión a EA en fases preclínicas, y de apoyar el diagnóstico en fases de DCL o demencia. Aunque actualmente la mayoría de biomarcadores están siendo utilizados con fines de investigación, es probable que en un futuro próximo estén también disponibles en la práctica clínica. El número de pacientes afectados por EA continúa creciendo en una población como la nuestra, cada vez más envejecida; por lo que, de esta manera, se pretende realizar un diagnóstico precoz de la EA que permita instaurar tratamientos capaces de modificar el curso de la enfermedad cuando estén disponibles

Evolución composicional e isotópica durante el Ediacarense en la sección del margen activoperi-Gondwánico preservada en el Dominio de Obejo-Valsequillo (SW del Macizo Ibérico)

Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, leída el 15-12-2022In the Iberian Massif, the Ossa-Morena Complex and its prolongation in the NW Iberia allochthonous complexes represent the outermost section of the North African margin of Gondwana. This margin hosted a long-lived magmatic arc active at least between c. 750 to 500 Ma. The activity of this arc can be traced by sedimentary sequences deposited along the margin and igneous rocks generated during the arc construction, as well as by deposits generated during its progressive dismantling. The dynamic evolution of the peri-Gondwanan North-African margin from the Late Ediacaran to the Early Cambrian resulted in a complex tectonic configuration involving units with continental affinity and others of oceanic/transitional nature. This PhD Thesis presents the results obtained from the study of this margin section preserved in SW Iberia and suggests a possible geodynamic and petrogenetic model based on its geochemical and isotopic evolution. This peri-Gondwanan arc section is probably one of the best well-preserved in the Variscan Orogen. The results also include the identification of previously undescribed tectonostratigraphic units, and the detailed description of a new ophiolitic unit, the Mérida Ophiolite.The methodology used includes a structural study of the units implied in this section, whole-rock and isotopic (Sr-Nd) geochemistry, and geochronology (U-Pb ) of implied rocks. The study of the Merida ophiolite further included Hf isotopes in the analyzed zircons. The results have been published in journals of impact in Earth Sciences. In this sense, this volume is presented as a compilation of publications following a chronological and thematic order...En el Macizo Ibérico, el Complejo de Ossa-Morena y su prolongación en los complejos alóctonos del NW de Iberia representan la sección más externa del margen norteafricano de Gondwana. Este margen albergó un arco magmático de larga duración activo al menos entre c. 750 y 500 Ma. La actividad de este arco puede ser rastreada por las secuencias sedimentarias depositadas a lo largo del margen y las rocas ígneas generadas durante la construcción del mismo, así como por los depósitos generados durante su progresivo desmantelamiento. La evolución dinámica del margen norteafricano peri-Gondwánico entre el Ediacárico terminal y el comienzo del Cámbrico, dio lugar a una compleja estructuración tectónica que involucra unidades con afinidad continental y otras de tipo oceánico/transicional. Esta Tesis Doctoral presenta los resultados obtenidos del estudio de la sección de este margen preservada en el SW de Iberia, y plantea un posible modelo geodinámico y petrogenético en base a su evolución geoquímica e isotópica. Se trata de una de las secciones de arco peri-Gondwánico mejor preservadas en el Orógeno Varisco. Los resultados también incluyen el reconocimiento de unidades tectonoestratigráficas no descritas hasta el momento, y la descripción detallada de una nueva unidad ofiolítica, la Ofiolita de Mérida...Fac. de Ciencias GeológicasTRUEunpu

Teknologia kimikoa. Sistema kimikoen datuak eta konposatu kimikoen parametroak

50 p.Teknologia kimikoaren alorrean (ingeniaritzako kimika-arloa) ezinbestekoa da bibliografian agertzen diren sistema kimikoen zenbait datu eta konposatu kimiko industrialen hainbat propietate erabiltzea. Lehenengo aipatutakoen artean oreka-konstanteak, erredukziozko potentzialak edo erreakzio kimikoen entalpia-aldaketak daude; konposatuen propietateen artean, berriz, lurrun-presioa, bero-ahalmena edo entropia absolutua aurki daitezke. Datu horiek oinarrizkoak dira ingeniaritza kimikoko kalkuluak gauzatu ahal izateko; hala nola, bero-trukatzaile batean trukatzen den bero kantitatea zenbatesteko, galbanizazio elektrolitiko batean ezarriko den metalaren kantitatea aurreikusteko edo erreaktore baten tenperatura zehazteko. Datu horiek guztiak, normalean, liburu espezializatuen «Taulak» esaten zaien eranskinetan agertzen dira. Hala ere, nahiz eta oinarrizkoak diren, zaila izaten da ingeniaritza kimikoko kalkulu jakin bat egiteko beharrezkoak diren datu guztiak liburu bakarrean aurkitzea, liburu bakoitza bere edukian jorratutako gaietan baino ez delako ardazten. Ohikoa da zientzia kimikoa lantzen duten liburu klasikoetan zientzia kimikoaren datuak agertzea, besteak beste, elementuen elektronegatibotasuna, formazio-entalpiak, hainbat azido eta base ahulen oreka-konstanteak, konposatu ezorganikoen disolbagarritasun-biderkadura edo erredukzio-potentzial estandarrak. Ingeniaritza edo teknologia kimikoko bibliografian, aldiz, oinarrizko kimikaren konstanteak eta parametroak alde batera utzi ohi dira. Mota horretako liburuetan, prozesu industrial kimikoen unitateak diseinatzeko erabilgarriak diren datuak biltzen dira, hala nola: hainbat konposaturen urtze-, sublimazio- eta lurruntze-bero sorrak, bero espezifikoak, Antoineren parametroak, etab. Hori dela eta, normalean ikasleei iturri desberdinetatik hartutako datuak ematen zaizkie eta batzuetan datu horiek erreferentzia desberdinekin kalkulatuta daude. Esate baterako, ohikoa da tenperaturaren menpekoak diren konposatuen propietateak, bero-ahalmena kasu, tenperatura diferenteetan aurkitzea iturriaren arabera. Beste batzuetan, propietate berbera unitate ezberdinetan agertzen da liburuaren arabera, askotan sistema internazionala ez den unitate-sistemaren batean (sistema anglo-saxoia oraindik ere oso hedatuta dago teknologia kimikoaren arloan). Horretaz aparte, esan gabe doa arlo honetan eskuragarri dauden datu eta propietate gehienak ingelesez (nagusiki) eta gaztelaniaz argitaratuta daudela. Ondorioz, eskuarki ikasleei emandako «taulak» euskara ez den beste hizkuntza batean agertu ohi dira. Erakutsitako arrazoi guztiak direla eta, egileek uste dute dokumentu honetan aurkezten den datubilduma oso erabilgarria izan daitekeela unibertsitatean teknologia kimikoko arloan ikasten eta lan egiten duten ikasle, irakasle eta ikertzaileentzat

Production of stabilized quercetin aqueous suspensions bysupercritical fluid extraction of emulsions

Producción CientíficaQuercetin is a flavonoid with highly promising bioactivity against a variety of diseases, due to its strong antioxidant, antiviral and antihistaminic effect, but these applications are limited by the low solubility of quercetin in gastrointestinal fluids and the correspondingly low bioavailability. The objective of this work is to produce encapsulated quercetin particles in sub-micrometric scale, in order to increase their low bioavailability. These particles were produced by extraction of organic solvent from oil in water emulsions by Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Emulsions (SFEE). Due to the rapid extraction of organic solvent by this method, the disperse organic phase becomes rapidly supersaturated, causing the precipitation of quercetin particles in sub-micrometric scale, encapsulated by the surfactant material. Two different biopolymers (Pluronic L64 ® poloxamers and soy bean lecithin) were used as carriers and surfactant materials. In experiments with Pluronic, needle quercetin particles were obtained after SFEE treatment, with particle sizes around 1 μm and poor encapsulation efficiency. In case of soy lecithin, quercetin-loaded multivesicular liposomes were obtained, with a mean particle size around 100 nm and around 70% encapsulation efficiency of quercetin, without presence of segregated quercetin crystalsJunta de Castilla y León (programa de apoyo a proyectos de investigación – Ref. VA225U14

Genetic characterization of the mechanisms of resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate and third-generation cephalosporins in Salmonella enterica from three Spanish hospitals

The mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance were characterized in 90 Salmonella enterica isolates either resistant or with intermediate resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate (AMCR/I) or resistant to third-generation cephalosporins (C3GR). These isolates were recovered in three Spanish hospitals during 2007-2009. The C3GR phenotype was expressed by three isolates that carried the following extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes: phage-associated blaCTX M-10 in S. Virchow, blaCTX-M-14a surrounded by ISEcp1 and IS903 in S. Enteritidis, and blaCTX-M-15 linked to ISEcp1 and orf477 in S. Gnesta (first description in this serotype). The AMCR/I phenotype was found in 87 isolates (79 S. Typhimurim, 7 S. Enteritidis, and one S. Thompson). The blaPSE-1 gene, followed by blaOXA-1 was mostly found among S. Typhimurim, and the blaTEM-1 gene among S. Enteritidis. Three different gene combinations [blaPSE-1+floR+aadA2+sul+tet(G); blaOXA-1+catA+aadA1/strA-strB+sul+tet(B) and blaTEM-1+cmlA1+aadA/strA-strB+sul+tet(A)/tet(B) genes] were associated with the ampicillin-chloramphenicol-streptomycin-sulfonamides-tetracycline phenotype in 68 AMCR/I S. enterica isolates. Class 1 integrons were observed in 79% of the isolates and in most of them (45 isolates) two integrons including the aadA2 and blaPSE-1 gene cassettes, respectively, were detected. The blaOXA-1+aadA1 arrangement was detected in 23 isolates, and the aac(6′)-Ib-cr+blaOXA-1+catB3+arr3 in another one. Non-classicclass 1 integrons were found in three isolates: dfrA12+orfF+aadA2+cmlA1+aadA1 (1 isolate), dfrA12+orfF+aadA2+cmlA1+aadA1+qacH+IS440+sul3 (1 isolate) and dfrA12+orfF+aadA2+cmlA1+aadA1+qacH+IS440+ sul3+orf1+mef(B)Δ-IS26 (1 isolate). Taken together, these results underline the need for clinical concern regarding β-lactam resistance in Salmonella and thus for vigilant monitoring

Notch Signaling in the Astroglial Phenotype: Relevance to Glutamatergic Transmission

Glutamate (Glu), the major excitatory neurotransmitter, elicits its action through the activation of membrane receptors and transporters expressed in neurons and glial cells. Glial glutamate transporters, EAAT1 and EAAT2, remove this transmitter from the synaptic cleft preventing an excitotoxic insult. The Notch pathway is a signaling system involved in neuro- and gliogenesis. Radial glia (RG) generates neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes in a spatial and temporal pattern, in which Notch represses neurogenesis, maintaining the self-renewal potential of RG. Astrogenesis depends on several stimuli, Notch being a master regulator of the differentiation process. The cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling cascade cross talks with the Notch pathway, acting synergistically by reducing progenitor markers and inducing astrocytic differentiation. Notch1 mRNA is upregulated in a PKA/γ-secretase/NICD/CSL-dependent manner, suggesting a feedback loop to keep Notch active until astrocytic differentiation is complete. Glial differentiation is also modulated by PKC, which acts over NICD. In RG cells and astrocytes enwrapping glutamatergic synapses, EAAT1 transcriptional regulation is mediated by PKC, increasing Notch expression and its receptor intracellular traffic. It is clear that Notch represents an activity-dependent molecular key in RG cells that enable them to shape glutamatergic transmission through the expression of genes involved in glial/neuronal interactions

La asociatividad y su relación con la internacionalización de Mipymes exportadoras de frutos secos “aguaymanto deshidratado” al mercado de Japón durante los años 2016 al 2021

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar de qué manera la asociatividad se relaciona con la internacionalización de empresas Mipymes de frutos secos “aguaymanto deshidratado” al mercado de Japón durante los años 2016 al 2021. El estudio se ha desarrollado bajo el enfoque metodológico cualitativo, con alcance descriptivo y diseño fenomenológico, compuesto por una muestra de 16 actores claves. Asimismo, se elaboró basándose al modelo Uppsala, como lo señalan Jan y Finn ​(1975)​ sostienen que “la internacionalización las empresas es gradual y la estimulación, se da por la necesidad de controlar las exportaciones” (p. 306). Por otro lado, Smith y Porter ​(2013)​ plantean que la asociatividad en su relación con la teoría de la competitividad tiene como finalidad adquirir nuevos recursos y lograr la internacionalización, no solo desarrollando un valor agregado del producto, sino también teniendo una marca producto de prestigio y calidad que hace referencia a los clústeres y a la cooperación entre empresas. Asimismo, se plantea que la asociatividad se relaciona de manera significativa con la internacionalización, mediante la cooperación comercial, creando ventajas competitivas que son fundamentales para desarrollar estrategias que conlleven al crecimiento económico. Al aplicar estrategias de internacionalización, con el fin de aumentar el volumen de producción y diversificar los productos o servicios que ofrecen, favorece a potenciar la marca y la presencia en los mercados internacionales. Finalmente, se concluye que el Perú posee capacidad competente al internacionalizarse gracias a las empresas asociadas y a los programas que ofrece el estado peruano como soporte para adquirir nuevos conocimientos y capacitaciones en el desarrollo productivo de la exportación, que genera trabajo continuo y eleva la calidad de vida.The objective of this research is to determine how the associativity is related to the internationalization of MSME companies of dried fruits "dried aguaymanto" to the Japanese market during the years 2016 to 2021. The study has been developed under the qualitative methodological approach, with descriptive scope and phenomenological design, composed of a sample of sixteen key actors. Likewise, it was elaborated based on the Uppsala model, as Jan and Finn ​(1975)​ point out “they maintain that the internationalization of companies is gradual, and the stimulation is given by the need to control exports” (p. 306). On the other hand, Smith and Porter ​(2013)​ state that associativity in its relationship with the theory of competitiveness has the purpose of acquiring new resources and achieving internationalization, not only developing an added value of the product, but also having a brand product of prestige and quality that refers to clusters and cooperation between companies. Likewise, it is proposed that associativity is significantly related to internationalization, through commercial cooperation, creating competitive advantages that are essential to develop strategies that lead to economic growth. By applying internationalization strategies, to increase the volume of production and diversify the products or services they offer, it favors strengthening the brand and presence in international markets. Finally, it is concluded that Peru has a competent capacity to internationalize thanks to the associated companies and the programs offered by the Peruvian state as support to acquire new knowledge and training in the productive development of exports, which generates continuous work and raises the quality of life.Tesi

Building and Collapse of the Cadomian Orogen: A Plate-Scale Model Based on Structural Data From the SW Iberian Massif

The Cadomian Orogeny produced a subduction-related orogen along the periphery of Gondwana and configured the pre-Variscan basement of the Iberian Massif. The architecture of the Cadomian Orogen requires detailed structural analysis for reconstruction because of severe tectonic reworking during the Paleozoic (Variscan cycle). Tectonometamorphic analysis and data compilation in SW Iberia (La Serena Massif, Spain) have allowed the identification of three Cadomian deformation phases and further constrained the global architecture and large-scale processes that contributed to the Ediacaran building and early Paleozoic dismantling of the Cadomian Orogen. The first phase (DC1, prior to 573 Ma) favored tabular morphology in plutons that intruded during the building of a continental arc. The second phase (DC2, 573–535 Ma) produced an upright folding and contributed to further crustal thickening. The third phase of deformation (DC3, ranging between ∼535 and ∼480 Ma) resulted in an orogen-parallel dome with oblique extensional flow. DC1 represents the crustal growth and thickening stage. DC2 is synchronous with a period of crustal thickening that affected most of the Gondwanan periphery, from the most external sections (Cadomian fore-arc) to the inner ones (Cadomian back-arc). We explain DC2 as a consequence of flat subduction, which was followed by a period dominated by crustal extension (DC3) upon roll-back of the lower plate. The Ediacaran construction of the Cadomian Orogen (DC1 and DC2) requires ongoing subduction beneath Gondwana s.l., whereas its dismantlement during the Early Paleozoic is compatible with oblique, sinistral convergence.Projects PID2020-112489GB-C21 and PID2020-112489GB-C22, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/50110001103

Assessing Body Esteem in Adolescents: psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Body Esteem Scale (BESAA-S)

Background: “How do I perceive my own body?“ is a central question during adolescence, which addresses the subjective assessment of body image, called Body Esteem. Although concern about body esteem increases during adolescence, there is a lack of psychometrically validated measures to assess it specifically among Spanish adolescents. Objective: This study aims to validate the Body-Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adult populations (BESAA), a widely used measure of body esteem across cultures, among the Spanish adolescent population. Methods: The cross-cultural adequacy and acceptability of the Argentinian-Spanish version by Forbes et al., (2012) were pilot tested and the questionnaire was completed by 1,258 students (Mage = 15.56). Next, several psychometric analyses were carried out: exploratory (AFE) and confirmatory (CFA) factorial structure, convergent and discriminant validity, nomological validity, internal consistency, and temporal reliability. Results: The AFE and CFA supported a reduced Spanish version of the BESAA of 14 items (BESAA-S) and maintained the original three-factor structure (BE-Weight, BE-Appearance, and BE-Attribution subscales). The BESAA-S showed acceptable internal consistency and strong test-retest reliability. Discriminant validity between subscales was appropriate, and convergent validity was appropriate except for the BE-Attribution subscale. Nomological validity was supported through significant correlations with body appreciation, general self-esteem, sociocultural attitudes towards appearance, and disordered eating symptoms. Body esteem was negatively associated with weight status. Conclusions: This study presents a culturally appropriate, shortened Spanish BESAA as a reliable instrument for body esteem assessment among Spanish speaking adolescentsFunding information The authors did not receive fnancial support from any organization for the submitted wor