Equidade do valor da terra como política pública promotora de justiça social na cidade : coeficiente de aproveitamento básico único e igual a um para todo território do DF e justo pagamento da Outorga Onerosa do Direito de Construir - ODIR

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo, 2015.O trabalho se desenvolve à luz do novo marco da política urbana e da Resolução nº 148/2013 do Conselho das Cidades (ConCidades) com o princípio balizador da política fundiária urbana no intuito de recomendar a adoção de um coeficiente de aproveitamento básico único e igual a 1 (um) para todos os municípios, proporcionando equidade fundiária, servindo também de base para geração de contrapartida para exercer um potencial construtivo adicional. Muitas vezes essa contrapartida, realizada no Distrito Federal (DF) por meio da Outorga Onerosa do direito de Construir (ODIR), generalizou-se para todos os terrenos urbanos do DF sem considerar sua utilidade social, o que tende a torná-la uma mera ferramenta para o financiamento das cidades. Mas longe disso, a ODIR pode ser uma ferramenta de indução ao adensamento das cidades e de propiciar o cumprimento da função social da propriedade, o seu uso adequado é uma forma de retornar à coletividade o ônus e os benefícios decorrentes do processo de urbanização. Esse é o fio condutor desta pesquisa, que tem como objetivo principal determinar se o coeficiente de aproveitamento básico único e igual a 1 e a Outorga Onerosa do direito de construir (ODIR) promovem a justiça social. Desse modo, procurou-se apresentar a tese em três partes: 1.Cenário da política urbana no Brasil, descrevendo historicamente os instrumentos de planejamento, discorrendo sobre a função social da propriedade, a gestão do solo no Brasil, apresentando seus problemas, avanços e desafios; 2.O planejamento urbano no Distrito Federal focando no coeficiente de aproveitamento e nos instrumentos da política urbana. 3.O Plano Diretor de Taguatinga, por meio das análises quantitativa e qualitativa dos CAs (Coeficientes de Aproveitamento) para então realizar a análise da cobrança da ODIR. A tese propõe o estabelecimento generalizado do CA básico igual a 1 (um) para fins de equidade ao valor da terra e consequente reforma na cobrança da ODIR enfatizando o seu caráter de instrumento de planejamento para o cumprimento da função social da cidade e da propriedade, incluindo a necessidade de fatores que podem reduzir seu valor de acordo com a utilidade do terreno.This paper have been developed under the new framework of the Urban Policy and the Resolution Nº 148/2013 of the Council of the Cities (ConCidades), with the principle beacon of urban land policy in order to recommend the adoption of a single basic advantage coefficient and equal to one (1) for all municipalities, providing equity in the acces to the land, also serving as the basis for generating the contapart to exert an additional potential for building. Often this contrapart held in the Federal District by Grant Onerous of the right to build (ODIR) generalized to all urban land in the DF without to considerate the social utility, which tends to make it a mere tool for financing cities. But far from it, the ODIR can be an induction tool to crowding of cities and promote the fulfillment of the social function of property, its proper use is a way to return to the community the burdens and benefits resulting from the urbanization process. This is the thread of this research, determine the coefficient of single basic benefit is equal to 1 and the Onerous Grant the right to build ( ODIR ) promote social justice.. Thus, this work tried to present the thesis into three parts: 1.Scenary of urban policy in Brazil, historically describing the planning tools, discussing the social function of property, land management in Brazil, with their problems, and advances and challenges; 2.The urban planning in the Federal District focusing on the utilization of the coefficient and the instruments of urban policy. 3. The Master Plan for Taguatinga through quantitative and qualitative analyzes of CAs (Coefficients of Utilization) and then perform the analysis of the collection of the ODIR. The thesis proposes one basic CA widespread establishment of 1 (one) for equity of the value of land and consequent reform in collecting the ODIR emphasizing its character of planning tool for fulfillment the social function of the city and property, including the need of factors that may decrease its value according to the utility ground.Este trabajo há sido desarrollada dentro del nuevo marco de la Política Urbana y de la Resolución Nº 148/2013 del ConCidades (Consejo de las Ciudades). Com base em la Política Fundiária Urbana y recomendando la adopción de un coeficiente de aprovechamiento básico único y igual a 1 (uno) para todos los municipíos, proporcionando equidade fundiária, sirviendo de suporte para la generación de la contrapartida para ejercer um potencial constuctivo adicional. Muchas vezes esa contrapartida realizada en el Distrito Federal (DF) por médio de la Otorga Onerosa del Derecho de Construir (ODIR) fue de uso general para todos los terrenos urbanos del DF sin considerar su utilidade social, lo que la torna una simple herramienta de inducción de aumento de desidad de las ciudades y de cumplimiento de la función social de la propiedad,; el uso adecuado de esa herramienta es uma forma de retornar a la colectividad el costo y los benefícios derivados del processo de urbanización. Esse es el aspecto conductor de esta investigación, de determinar el coeficiente aprovechamiento básico único y igual a 1(uno) y la Otorga Onerosa del Derecho de Construir (ODIR) promueven la justicia social. De esse modo se procura presentar la tesis em três partes: 1. Escenário de la Política Urbana em el Brasil, descriviendo historicamente los instrumentos de planeamento, discurriendo sobre la función social de la propiedad, la gestión del suelo em el Brasil, presentando sus problemas, avances y desafios, 2. Planeamiento Urbano em el Distrito Federal enfocando en el coeficiente de aprovechamiento y en los instrumentos de la Política Urbana. 3. El Plan Director de Taguatinga, por médio de los análisis cualitativos y cuantitativos de los Coeficientes de Aprovechamiento (CAs) para realizar el análisis de la cobranza de la ODIR. La tesis propone el establecimeinto del CA básico igual a 1 (uno) para fines de equidad al valor de la tierra y consecuentemente la reformulación de la cobranza de la ODIR enfatizando su caracter de instrumento de planeamento para el cumplimiento de la función social de la ciudad y de la propiedad, incluyendo la necesidad de factores que pueden reduzir su valor de acuerdo com la utilidade del terreno

GBV-C/HGV and HIV-1 coinfection

An interesting interaction pattern has been found between HIV-1 and GBV-C/HGV, resulting in protection against progression to AIDS. The mechanisms involved in this interaction remain to be clarified. We examined the current knowledge concerning this coinfection and developed hypotheses to explain its effects. A better understanding of this interaction could result in new concepts, which may lead to new strategies to control HIV-1 replication and progression to AIDS.Federal University of São PauloPró-Sangue FoundationUNIFESPSciEL

Profound peripheral T-lymphocyte depletion and activation in disseminated tuberculosis

Three HIV-1-seronegative patients with disseminated tuberculosis presented significant depletion of T-cell counts, in CD4+ and/or CD8+ cells, associated with increased expression of activation marker CD38 on CD8+ T-lymphocytes. This finding raises the question of potential mechanisms involved in the activation or loss of T-cells in disseminated tuberculosis.Federal University of São Paulo Infectious Diseases DivisionUNIFESP, Infectious Diseases DivisionSciEL

Pavilion BIO-FADEN 1.0: experimental study of design and manufacture with digital technologies of bionic prototype inspired by the fruit peels of fruit species present in the Central-Western Region of Brazil: Pavilhão BIO-FADEN 1.0: estudo experimental de projeto e fabricação com tecnologias digitais de protótipo biônico inspirado nas cascas de frutas das espécies presentes na Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil

This article aims to determine the possibilities and limitations of the digital design and digital fabrication process by section or 2D laser cut in the production of artifacts composed of double curvature faces inspired by the non-euclidean geometric shapes of fruits present in the Central-Western Region of Brazil: Annona Cherimolal/Annona Squamosa., Mauritia Flexuosa, Annona Muricata, and the Annona Squamosa. Where, the main conclusion is that a set of digital techniques, parametric design and digital fabrication by section or 2D laser cutting can enable the production of a bionic pavilion, in a complex and cellular way in Brasília - DF

Experimental study of digital design and digital fabrication with 3D printing of bionic cell prototype for pavilion design in the midwest region of Brazil: Estudo experimental de projeto digital e fabricação digital com impressão 3D do protótipo de célula biônica para projeto de pavilhão na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil

The main objective of the research was to determine the possibilities and limitations of digital design and digital fabrication with 3D printing of a cell prototype. The work was structured in 3 stages: Rationale, Materials and Logistics, and Experimentation. The Rationale stage consisted of reviewing the literature on the concepts: Prototype, Bionics, Parametric Design, Digital Fabrication and 3D Printing. The Materials and Logistics stage consisted of the presentation and classification into categories of materials and the logistics that were used. The Experimentation stage consisted of 3 phases: determination of the structural characteristics of the fruit peels; determination of the shape of the cell from the structural characteristics of the fruit peels and; choice of 3D printing digital manufacturing technology. The main result of the research was that digital technologies - MEV Jeol JSM-7000F microscope, Rhinoceros 5.0 software, Grasshopper software - allow to observe and design a cell in a complex way inspired by the natural structures found in the peels of fruit species of Annona Cherimola, Mill with Annona Squamosa, L; Mauritia Flexuosa; Babassu Coconut, Soursop and Pine Cone or fruit of the Earl

BIO-FADEN 2.0 Pavilion: experimental study of algorithmic-generative design and digital fabrication with 3D printing of a bionic pavilion prototype in the Midwest Region of Brazil: BIO-FADEN 2.0 Pavilhão: estudo experimental de projeto algorítmico-gerativo e fabricação digital com impressão 3D de um protótipo de pavilhão biônico na Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil

This research has as main objective to determine the possibilities and limitations of digital design and digital fabrication by 3D printing of a prototype of bionic pavilion with non-Euclidean geometric shapes in reduced size inspired by fruits present in the MidWest Region of Brazil. The work was structured in 3 stages: Rationale, Materials and Logistic, and Experimentation. The Rationale consisted of a literature review on the concepts of: bionics, generative-algorithmic design, digital fabrication, 3D printing and prototyping. The Materials and Logistics stage consisted of the presentation and classification into categories of materials and the logistics that were usedTthe experiment consisted of 4 phases: Graphic code and 3D digital modeling of the bionic pavilion; operationalization of digital fabrication; selection of 3D printing digital fabrication technology and; digital fabrication by 3D printing. The main result of the research is that digital technologies - rhinoceros 5.0 software, grasshopper software - allow to design a prototype of a pavilion of complex shape or of small size inspired by natural structures

Sexual Seroadaptation: Lessons for Prevention and Sex Research from a Cohort of HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men

BACKGROUND: Surveillance data on sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and behavioral characteristics identified in studies of the risk of seroconversion are often used as to track sexual behaviors that spread HIV. However, such analyses can be confounded by "seroadaptation"--the restriction of unprotected anal intercourse (UAI), especially unprotected insertive UAI, to seroconcordant partnerships. METHODS: We utilized sexual network methodology and repeated-measures statistics to test the hypothesis that seroadaptive strategies reduce the risk of HIV transmission despite numerous partnerships and frequent UAI. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In a prospective cohort study of HIV superinfection including 168 HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM), we found extensive seroadaptation. UAI was 15.5 times more likely to occur with a positive partner than a negative one (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.1-26.4). Receptive UAI was 4.3 times more likely in seroconcordant partnerships than with negative partners (95% CI, 2.8-6.6), but insertive UAI was 13.6 times more likely with positives (95% CI, 7.2-25.6). Our estimates suggest that seroadaptation reduced HIV transmissions by 98%. CONCLUSION: Potentially effective HIV prevention strategies, such as seroadaptation, have evolved in communities of MSM before they have been recognized in research or discussed in the public health forum. Thus, to be informative, studies of HIV risk must be designed to assess seroadaptive behaviors rather than be limited to individual characteristics, unprotected intercourse, and numbers of partners. STI surveillance is not an effective indicator of trends in HIV incidence where there are strong patterns of seroadaptation

A importância da documentação por sketches em viagens exploratórias citadinas - De Brasília a Goiás, do moderno ao colonial.

O desenho é uma prática dos tempos rupestres, como visto nos registros documentais de várias localidades no mundo. Na atualidade é uma prática cada vez mais comum entre movimentos de desenhadores de rua pelo mundo e que se tem resgatado como forma de registro documental da arquitetura e da cidade. Nas antigas viagens exploratórias também se utilizava dessa prática como forma de registro do Novo Mundo, na visão dos Naturalistas. Na arquitetura, foi amplamente utilizada como forma de resgate de monumentos históricos, como os utilizados por Viollet-le-Duc, Boito e os antiquários, para os dois primeiros, também como forma de conhecer a cidade e a arquitetura, prática também utilizada por Lucio Costa para conhecer a Arquitetura Portuguesa. Assim, este ensaio apresenta o registro documental por sketches em viagens exploratórias citadinas de Brasília à Goiás, do Moderno ao Colonial, como forma de conhecer, caminhando pelas cidades e registrando em desenhos ou sketches as primeiras impressões do lugar, o que foi alcançado partindo de Brasília, passando por Goiânia, com representantes da Arquitetura Moderna e Art Dèco; na Cidade de Goiás, com representantes da Arquitetura Art Nouveau, Neogótica e Colonial; e em Pirenópolis e Corumbá de Goiás, com representantes da Arquitetura Colonial

Dynamic Interaction between STLV-1 Proviral Load and T-Cell Response during Chronic Infection and after Immunosuppression in Non-Human Primates

We used mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) naturally infected with simian T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (STLV-1) as a model for evaluating the influence of natural STLV-1 infection on the dynamics and evolution of the immune system during chronic infection. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the role of the immune system in controlling the infection during latency, we induced immunosuppression in the infected monkeys. We first showed that the STLV-1 proviral load was higher in males than in females and increased significantly with the duration of infection: mandrills infected for 10–6 years had a significantly higher proviral load than those infected for 2–4 years. Curiously, this observation was associated with a clear reduction in CD4+ T-cell number with age. We also found that the percentage of CD4+ T cells co-expressing the activation marker HLA-DR and the mean percentage of CD25+ in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were significantly higher in infected than in uninfected animals. Furthermore, the STLV-1 proviral load correlated positively with T-cell activation but not with the frequency of T cells secreting interferon γ in response to Tax peptides. Lastly, we showed that, during immunosuppression in infected monkeys, the percentages of CD8+ T cells expressing HLA-DR+ and of CD4+ T cells expressing the proliferation marker Ki67 decreased significantly, although the percentage of CD8+ T cells expressing HLA-DR+ and Ki67 increased significantly by the end of treatment. Interestingly, the proviral load increased significantly after immunosuppression in the monkey with the highest load. Our study demonstrates that mandrills naturally infected with STLV-1 could be a suitable model for studying the relations between host and virus. Further studies are needed to determine whether the different compartments of the immune response during infection induce the long latency by controlling viral replication over time. Such studies would provide important information for the development of immune-based therapeutic strategies