Medición indirecta de la tasa de consumo de adultos e inmaduros de Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) sobre fríjol

La biología y ecología de la mosca blanca de los invernaderos, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyroridae), se encuentra ampliamente documentada. Sin embargo, hasta el momento no hay reportes acerca de la tasa de consumo de alimento por este fitófago, un parámetro necesario para modelos de simulación. Por tal motivo, el objetivo de esta investigación fue la medición indirecta del consumo de alimento por el adulto e instares inmaduros de T. vaporariorum basado en metodologías encontradas en la literatura científica. La estimación de la tasa de consumo de alimento por adultos se realizó bajo condiciones de laboratorio, utilizando como unidad experimental una planta de fríjol de dos semanas de edad. El experimento consistió de dos tratamientos: (T1) plantas libres de cualquier fitófago y (T2) plantas sometidas a infestaciones con T. vaporariorum, cada tratamiento con 20 repeticiones y una réplica en el tiempo de todo el experimento. Se registró el peso fresco diariamente en ambos tratamientos. Para el caso de los inmaduros, la unidad experimental consistió en una hoja cotiledónea de fríjol, infestada con una población determinada de inmaduros de cada instar de mosca blanca teniendo así cinco tratamientos (Instar I, II, III, IV y Control) cada uno con 17 repeticiones. Se registró diariamente el peso fresco de las hojas. Se obtuvo un consumo promedio de alimento por el adulto de 0,277 ± 0,0042 mg.dia-1. Para los dos primeros instares ninfales se estimó una tasa de consumo de 0,052 mg.dia-1, en el tercer instar de 0,14 mg.dia-1, y para el cuarto instar de 0,19 mg.dia-1. Un adulto de mosca blanca puede consumir en un día seis veces su peso y un inmaduro ocho veces, gracias a su rápido metabolismo y la constante excreción de mielecilla.The biology and ecology of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyroridae), is widely documented. However, so far there are not reports about the rate of consumption of this phytophagous. Therefore, the objective of this research was to measure the food consumption by the adult and immature instars of T. vaporariorum based on indirect methodologies found in the literature. The estimate of the food consumption rate by adults was conducted under laboratory conditions, using as experimental units plant beans two weeks old. The experiment consisted of two treatments: (T1) plants free from any phytophagous and (T2) plants subjected to infestation with T. vaporariorum, with 20 repetitions each treatment and replicated over time. In the case of the immature individuals, the experimental unit consisted of a bean cotyledon leaf infested with a population of immature individuals of each instar of whitefly, having five treatments (Instar I, II, III, IV and Control) each with 17 repetitions. Fresh weight of leaves was recorded daily. An average food consumption of 0.277 ± 0.0042 mg.day-1 was obtained for the adult. For the first two nymphal instars food consumption rate of 0.052 mg.day-1 was estimated, for the third instar 0.14 mg.day-1, and for the fourth instar 0.19 mg.day-1. An whitefly adult can consume in a day six times its weight and an immature eight times, this thanks to the rapid metabolism and a constant excretion of honeydew of the species

Holiness and Patronage in the Hispanic World in the Modern Age

On March 23, 1630 the Congregation of rites issued a decree on the patron saints that limited their choice to the canonized. In this way direct control was granted to the Holy See. The choice of the cities of their patron saints in the modern age was determined by the interests of their ruling classes, the popular devotion and by the possession of the relics of the proposed saints. Concerning to the homeland of the Saints, martyrs, bishops and hermits, and the control of their relics were published many controversial writings that generated intense debates during the 17th century. In the election of the of the patron saints the Vatican regulation will not always be respected; in the case of Pedro Regalado and Rosa de Lima there were express authorization for the beginning of the canonization processes, his cult and their appointment

El docente y la educaci?n en contextos de encierro

18 p.Hablar del tema de la educaci?n en prisiones es un reto para los organismos del Estado; m?s a?n por sus aspectos espec?ficos y por sus actores. Este art?culo tiene por objetivo generar una reflexi?n sobre la educaci?n y el rol del docente en contextos de encierro; adem?s es fruto de los avances investigativos que se han realizado a la fecha, en la tesis doctoral. La figura, el papel y la experiencia del docente en contextos de prisionalizaci?n no han sido valorados como deben ser, sus acciones no han sido estudiadas a profundidad y conocer sus experiencias puede aportar mucho a las investigaciones y al derecho fundamental de la educaci?n dentro de la prisi?n, lo que nos lleva a concluir con el presente que el docente penitenciario es una figura en constante construcci?n.Talk of the theme of the education in prisons is a challenge for the agencies of the State; more still by its specifics and its actors. This article aims to generate a reflection on education and the role of the teacher in contexts of closure; In addition is fruit of them advances research that is have made to the date, in the thesis doctoral. The figure, the role and the experience of teaching in prisionalizacion contexts have not been valued as they should be, their actions have not been studied in depth and know your experiences can contribute much to research and to the fundamental right to education within the prison, which leads us to conclude with the present that the prison teacher is a figure in constant construction