Differences in the progression rate of SCTLD in Pseudodiploria strigosa are related to colony size and morphology

Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease (SCTLD) impacts are unprecedented concerning the level of devastation they have imposed on Caribbean coral assemblages. Although SCTLD affects nearly 30 different coral species, it has been particularly lethal for Pseudodiploria strigosa. Mortality rates for this species are estimated to be between 60 and 100% in the Caribbean; however, tissue-loss rates have been shown to differ among colonies, which suggests that colony health, environmental conditions, and concurrent transmission events are crucial to the development of the disease at reef scale. To gain insight into the colony-level dynamics of SCTLD, we used a simplified photogrammetry and 3D modeling approach to quantify and compare SCTLD-related tissue-loss rates among 20 colonies of P. strigosa on a shallow back-reef in the Mexican Caribbean. Over a six-month period, SCTLD resulted in the full mortality of 70% of the colonies that were tagged shortly after infection. Although disease progression followed a multifocal-type infection in most cases, tissue-loss rates significantly differed among colonies. Some colonies died within the first 20 days of observation, while others died towards the end of the study period. We found a significant positive effect of colony size on rates of tissue loss disease, as well as evidence suggesting that elongated and vertically compressed colonies have a greater probability of experiencing higher tissue-loss rates than colonies with more spherical shapes. The observed relationship between colony morphology and tissue-loss rates is likely a result of elongated colonies having more flat surface area at the top of the colonies which facilitates accumulation of sediments, which have been shown to be a source of SCTLD transmission

Homeostasis de la industria de manufactura en Jalisco, México: el kaizen como negentropía en la logística de embarques

Context: in Mexico, international trade is experiencing an increase joined by international companies in the manufacturing area, in the state of Jalisco. The research reviews the homeostasis of the assembly and exportation companies, with the idea of improving shipping logistics to automate and increase productivity, through the development and application of the continuous improvement tool called kaizen. Method: this research is based on a systemic approach. In this sense, to identify the company's homeostasis, data and information were obtained on the activities carried out by the logistics area, as well as on policies and strategies. Subsequently, through the Ishikawa diagram, the cause-effect relationship was analyzed and through a process mapping the problem of the areas of purchase, production and deposit was determined. Finally, several alternative solutions were proposed to improve management. In addition, for the development of the solutions, the problems and solutions were faced by relating them to the impact on the level of service and making a comparison between before and after implementing the kaizen. Results: The study focuses on the shipping logistics operation to automate the process and avoid bottlenecks. In this way, orders that are not sent on time become code A (urgent orders) and make the customer have a productivity rating of 60%. Therefore, when implementing Kaizen, it is possible to increase considerably up to 35% per year, with 95% satisfaction and qualification samples. It is worth mentioning that this kaizen was carried out in the Fru´s & Opt project. Conclusions: The current homeostasis of the tools mentioned in the study are basic and necessary. Also, continuous improvement tools continue to be updated and adapted; For example: Heijumka, Jidoka, Smed, Lean Manufacturing, Just in Time, Toyota Production System (TPS), 5s or Gemba, as it is a way to increase productivity, reduce costs and increase competitiveness to attract more markets International.Contexto: En México, el comercio internacional experimenta un aumento al que se suman empresas internacionales del área de manufactura en el estado de Jalisco. La investigación revisa la homeostasis de las empresas de ensamble y exportación, con la idea de mejorar la logística de embarques para automatizar e incrementar la productividad, a través del desarrollo y aplicación de la herramienta de mejora continua denominada kaizen. Método: Esta investigación parte de un enfoque sistémico. En este sentido, para identificar la homeostasis de la empresa se obtuvieron datos e información de las actividades que desarrolla el área logística, así como políticas y estrategias. Posteriormente, mediante el diagrama de Ishikawa se analizaron la relación causa-efecto y a través de un mapeo de procesos se determinó la problemática de las áreas de compra, producción y almacén. Finalmente, se plantearon varias alternativas de solución para el mejoramiento de la gestión. Asimismo, para el desarrollo de las soluciones, se confrontaron los problemas y soluciones relacionándolos con el impacto en el nivel de servicio, y se hizo un comparativo entre el antes y después de implementar el kaizen. Resultados: El estudio se centra en el funcionamiento de la logística de embarques para automatizar el proceso y evitar los cuellos de botella. De esta manera, las ordenes que no se embarcan a tiempo se convierten en código A (órdenes urgentes) y provocan que el cliente califique un 60 % la productividad. Por ello, al implementar el kaizen se logra subir considerablemente hasta en un 35 % por año, con muestras de satisfacción y calificación del 95 %. Cabe mencionar que este kaizen se llevó a cabo en el proyecto de Fru’s & Opt. Conclusiones: La homeostasis actual de las herramientas mencionadas en el estudio son básicas y necesarias. Igualmente, se siguen actualizando y adaptando herramientas de mejora continua (negentropías); por ejemplo: heijunka, jidoka, SMED, lean manufacturing, just in time, Sistema de Producción Toyota (TPS), 5S o gemba, ya que es una forma de incrementar la productividad, bajar costos y aumentar la capacidad de competitividad para atraer a más mercados internacionales

Anaerobic methane oxidation driven by microbial reduction of natural organic matter in a tropical wetland

"Wetlands constitute the main natural source of methane on Earth due to their high content of natural organic matter (NOM), but key drivers, such as electron acceptors, supporting methanotrophic activities in these habitats are poorly understood. We performed anoxic incubations using freshly collected sediment, along with water samples harvested from a tropical wetland, amended with C-13-methane (0.67 atm) to test the capacity of its microbial community to perform anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) linked to the reduction of the humic fraction of its NOM. Collected evidence demonstrates that electron-accepting functional groups (e.g., quinones) present in NOM fueled AOM by serving as a terminal electron acceptor. Indeed, while sulfate reduction was the predominant process, accounting for up to 42.5% of the AOM activities, the microbial reduction of NOM concomitantly occurred. Furthermore, enrichment of wetland sediment with external NOM provided a complementary electron-accepting capacity, of which reduction accounted for similar to 100 nmol (CH4)-C-13 oxidized center dot cm(3)center dot day(1). Spectroscopic evidence showed that quinone moieties were heterogeneously distributed in the wetland sediment, and their reduction occurred during the course of AOM. Moreover, an enrichment derived from wetland sediments performing AOM linked to NOM reduction stoichiometrically oxidized methane coupled to the reduction of the humic analogue anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate. Microbial populations potentially involved in AOM coupled to microbial reduction of NOM were dominated by divergent biota from putative AOM-associated archaea. We estimate that this microbial process potentially contributes to the suppression of up to 114 teragrams (Tg) of CH(4 center dot)year(-1) in coastal wetlands and more than 1,300 Tg center dot year(-1), considering the global wetland area.

Insectos como plagas potenciales del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en El Salvador

The research was carried out in cocoa trees in El Salvador, identifying in the study more than 250 species of arthropods, of which few insect species can become cocoa pests (Theobroma cacao L.), when inappropriate use of synthetic agrochemicals is made and poor management of the crop, soil and environment. This article describes and provides photographs taken in the field and laboratory of insects that can become pests of the cocoa crop in El SalvadorEl trabajo de investigación fue desarrollado en cacaotales de El Salvador, identificando más de 250 especies de artrópodos, durante el estudio, de los cuales pocas especies de insectos se pueden convertir en plagas del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), cuando se hace un uso inadecuado de agroquímicos sintéticos y mal manejo del cultivo, suelo y ambiente. En este artículo se describen y se proporcionan fotografías tomadas en campo y laboratorio, de los insectos que pueden convertirse en plagas del cultivo de cacao en El Salvado

Loss of coral reef growth capacity to track future increases in sea level

Water-depths above coral reefs is predicted to increase due to global sea-level rise (SLR). As ecological degradation inhibits the vertical accretion of coral reefs, it is likely that coastal wave exposure will increase but there currently exists a lack of data in projections concerning local rates of reef growth and local SLR. In this study we have aggregated ecological data of more than 200 tropical western Atlantic and Indian Ocean reefs and calculated their vertical growth which we have then compared with recent and projected rates of SLR across different Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. While many reefs currently show vertical growth that would be sufficient to keep-up with recent historic SLR, future projections under scenario RCP4.5 reveal that without substantial ecological recovery many reefs will not have the capacity to track SLR. Under RCP8.5, we predict that mean water depth will increase by over half a metre by 2100 across the majority of reefs. We found that coral cover strongly predicted whether a reef could track SLR, but that the majority of reefs had coral cover significantly lower than that required to prevent reef submergence. To limit reef submergence, and thus the impacts of waves and storms on adjacent coasts, climate mitigation and local impacts that reduce coral cover (e.g., local pollution and physical damage through development land reclamation) will be necessary

[Carta de Esmeralda Cervantes a Benito Pérez Galdós (8 de marzo de 1878, Francia)]

Copia digital. España : Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte. Subdirección General de Coordinación Bibliotecaria, 202

Movilidad urbana en la central de autobuses de la metrópoli de Guadalajara, México: entropía en conectividad y transferencia de usuarios

Urban systems are structured through a complex induced network of communication channels. These access roads generally have obstructions and collapses depending on the saturation of the mode used in the transport of living matter and energy. In addition, in certain nodes of the system, there are connectivity and flow transfer processes. These flows make daily trips subject to the habitability-mobility nexus. The objective of this work is to analyze the characteristics of urban mobility related to the exchange and transfer of users in the new bus station in Guadalajara, Mexico. For this, the design software helped to use a series of qualitative and quantitative instruments. In this sense, the ethnographic experience on the site collected interesting information about the processes of exchange and transfer of users. The results show that the integration of public transport and urban planning can be seen from two different, although related, angles, a) strategy development and b) project development. Likewise, characteristics such as distance, travel time, waiting and flexibility of means of transport are some of the possibilities that have favored the acceptance of new modalities in territorial displacements and the use and acquisition of private vehicles. Hence the need to provide solutions to social needs, through changes in the mobility model.Los sistemas urbanos están estructurados a través de una compleja red inducida de conductos comunicantes. Estas vías de acceso suelen presentar obstrucciones y colapsos en función de la saturación del modo utilizado en el transporte de la materia y energía vivas. Asimismo, en ciertos nodos del sistema, existen procesos de conectividad y transferencia de flujos. Estos flujos realizan desplazamientos cotidianos supeditados al nexo habitabilidad- movilidad. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en analizar las características de la movilidad urbana relacionadas con el intercambio y transferencia de usuarios en la central nueva de autobuses de Guadalajara, México. Para ello, se utilizaron una serie de instrumentos cuali-cuantitativos auxiliados por software de diseño. En este sentido, la experiencia etnográfica en el sitio recopiló información interesante sobre los procesos de intercambio y transferencia de sujetos. Los resultados muestran que la integración del transporte público y la planificación urbana puede verse desde dos ángulos distintos, aunque relacionados entre sí: a) desarrollo de estrategias y b) elaboración del proyecto. Asimismo, características como la distancia, el tiempo del desplazamiento, la espera y flexibilidad de medios de transporte, son algunas de las posibilidades que han favorecido la aceptación de nuevas modalidades en los desplazamientos territoriales y el uso y adquisición de vehículos particulares. De ahí, la necesidad de brindar soluciones a las necesidades sociales, a través de cambios en el modelo de movilidad

Geomorphically controlled coral distribution in degraded shallow reefs of the Western Caribbean

The development of coral reefs results from the interaction between ecological and geological processes in space and time. Their difference in scale, however, makes it difficult to detect the impact of ecological changes on geological reef development. The decline of coral cover over the last 50 years, for example, has dramatically impaired the function of ecological processes on reefs. Yet given the limited-resolution of their Holocene record, it is uncertain how this will impact accretion and structural integrity over longer timescales. In addition, reports of this ecological decline have focused on intrinsic parameters such as coral cover and colony size at the expense of extrinsic ones such as geomorphic and environmental variables. Despite these problems, several attempts have been made to predict the long-term accretion status of reefs based entirely on the contemporary health status of benthic communities. Here we explore how this ecological decline is represented within the reef geomorphic structure, which represents the long-term expression of reef development. Using a detailed geomorphic zonation scheme, we analyze the distribution and biodiversity of reef-building corals in fringing-reef systems of the Mesoamerican Reef tract. We find a depth-related pattern in community structure which shows that the relative species distribution between geomorphic zones is statistically different. Despite these differences, contemporary coral assemblages in all zones are dominated by the same group of pioneer generalist species. These findings imply that first, coral species distribution is still controlled by extrinsic processes that generate the geomorphic zonation; second, that coral biodiversity still reflects species zonation patterns reported by early studies; and third that dominance of pioneer species implies that modern coral assemblages are in a prolonged post-disturbance adjustment stage. In conclusion, any accurate assessment of the future viability of reefs requires a consideration of the geomorphic context or risks miscalculating the impact of ecological changes on long-term reef development

Homeostasis de la industria de manufactura en Jalisco, México: el kaizen como negentropía en la logística de embarques

Context: in Mexico, international trade is experiencing an increase joined by international companies in the manufacturing area, in the state of Jalisco. The research reviews the homeostasis of the assembly and exportation companies, with the idea of improving shipping logistics to automate and increase productivity, through the development and application of the continuous improvement tool called kaizen. Method: this research is based on a systemic approach. In this sense, to identify the company's homeostasis, data and information were obtained on the activities carried out by the logistics area, as well as on policies and strategies. Subsequently, through the Ishikawa diagram, the cause-effect relationship was analyzed and through a process mapping the problem of the areas of purchase, production and deposit was determined. Finally, several alternative solutions were proposed to improve management. In addition, for the development of the solutions, the problems and solutions were faced by relating them to the impact on the level of service and making a comparison between before and after implementing the kaizen. Results: The study focuses on the shipping logistics operation to automate the process and avoid bottlenecks. In this way, orders that are not sent on time become code A (urgent orders) and make the customer have a productivity rating of 60%. Therefore, when implementing Kaizen, it is possible to increase considerably up to 35% per year, with 95% satisfaction and qualification samples. It is worth mentioning that this kaizen was carried out in the Fru´s & Opt project. Conclusions: The current homeostasis of the tools mentioned in the study are basic and necessary. Also, continuous improvement tools continue to be updated and adapted; For example: Heijumka, Jidoka, Smed, Lean Manufacturing, Just in Time, Toyota Production System (TPS), 5s or Gemba, as it is a way to increase productivity, reduce costs and increase competitiveness to attract more markets International.Contexto: En México, el comercio internacional experimenta un aumento al que se suman empresas internacionales del área de manufactura en el estado de Jalisco. La investigación revisa la homeostasis de las empresas de ensamble y exportación, con la idea de mejorar la logística de embarques para automatizar e incrementar la productividad, a través del desarrollo y aplicación de la herramienta de mejora continua denominada kaizen. Método: Esta investigación parte de un enfoque sistémico. En este sentido, para identificar la homeostasis de la empresa se obtuvieron datos e información de las actividades que desarrolla el área logística, así como políticas y estrategias. Posteriormente, mediante el diagrama de Ishikawa se analizaron la relación causa-efecto y a través de un mapeo de procesos se determinó la problemática de las áreas de compra, producción y almacén. Finalmente, se plantearon varias alternativas de solución para el mejoramiento de la gestión. Asimismo, para el desarrollo de las soluciones, se confrontaron los problemas y soluciones relacionándolos con el impacto en el nivel de servicio, y se hizo un comparativo entre el antes y después de implementar el kaizen. Resultados: El estudio se centra en el funcionamiento de la logística de embarques para automatizar el proceso y evitar los cuellos de botella. De esta manera, las ordenes que no se embarcan a tiempo se convierten en código A (órdenes urgentes) y provocan que el cliente califique un 60 % la productividad. Por ello, al implementar el kaizen se logra subir considerablemente hasta en un 35 % por año, con muestras de satisfacción y calificación del 95 %. Cabe mencionar que este kaizen se llevó a cabo en el proyecto de Fru’s & Opt. Conclusiones: La homeostasis actual de las herramientas mencionadas en el estudio son básicas y necesarias. Igualmente, se siguen actualizando y adaptando herramientas de mejora continua (negentropías); por ejemplo: heijunka, jidoka, SMED, lean manufacturing, just in time, Sistema de Producción Toyota (TPS), 5S o gemba, ya que es una forma de incrementar la productividad, bajar costos y aumentar la capacidad de competitividad para atraer a más mercados internacionales