Uticaj đubriva na prinos alternativnih žita

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of organic farming technologies on the yield of alternative types of wheat: hard wheat (Triticum durum), spelt (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta) and a common variety of (soft) winter wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare). The experiment was carried out during 2010-11 and 2011-12, at the Radmilovac experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade, according to the randomized block design in four replications. In addition to the control treatment (without fertilizers), microbiological fertilizers were applied in topdressing (alone) and in combination with organic fertilizer before sowing. Crops were grown under a four-crop rotation on leached chernozem in the rainfed water regime. The average yields of the varieties examined were not significantly different depending on the growing year, whereas fertilization showed a highly significant effect on the grain yield. The combined application of microbiological and organic fertilizers resulted in the highest yields in both years (5,209 and 4,992 kg ha-1, respectively). The selected wheat varieties exhibited different responses to the treatments applied. The highest yield was observed in the common soft wheat variety examined (5,170 and 5,611 kg ha-1), whereas the lowest in durum wheat (3,138 and 2,429 kg ha-1). The analysis of experimental factor interactions showed that statistically significant effects on the yield could be attributed to the year-fertilization interaction. The wheat yields obtained are similar to those observed in the conventional production system due to favorable weather conditions and a proper selection of the type and sequence of crops that are part of the four-crop rotation (winter wheat, maize, spring barley + red clover, and red clover).Izvod: Cilj ispitivanja jeste ocena uticaja organske tehnologije gajenja na prinos zrna alternativnih vrsta pšenice: tvrde pšenice (Triticum durum), krupnika (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta) i jedne sorte obične ozime pšenice (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare). Eksperimenti su izvedeni tokom 2010/11 i 2011/12 godine na "Radmilovcu", oglednom dobru Poljoprivrednog fakulteta u Beogradu, po metodi slučajnog blok sistema u četiri ponavljanja. Pored kontrolne varijante (bez primene đubriva), primenjeno je mikrobiološko đubrivo u prihranjivanju (samostalno) i u kombinaciji sa organskim đubrivom koje je primenjeno u jesen pred setvu. Usevi su gajeni u okviru četvoropoljnog plodoreda na zemljištu tipa izluženi černozem u prirodnom vodnom režimu. Prosečni prinosi zrna ispitivanih vrsta nisu se statistički značajno razlikovali u zavisnosti od godine ispitivanja, dok su tretmani đubrenja pokazali statistički vrlo značajan uticaj na prinos. Kombinovanom primenom mikrobiološkog i organskog đubriva dobijeni su najviši prinosi u obe godine ispitivanja (5209 i 4992 kg ha-1). Kada su pitanju ispitivane vrste žita, u obe godine ispitivanja najveći prinos je ustanovljen kod sorte obične, meke pšenice (5170 i 5611 kg ha-1), a najmanji kod tvrde pšenice (3138 i 2429 kg ha-1). Interakcije ispitivanih faktora, osim interakcije godina-đubrenje, su imale statistički značajan uticaj na prinos zrna ispitivanih vrsta. Dobijeni prinosi zrna ispitivanih vrsta su na nivou prinosa konvencionalne proizvodnje prvenstveno zbog povoljnih meteoroloških uslova u godinama ispitivanja i pravilnog izbora vrsta i redosleda useva koji ulaze u sastav četvoropoljnog plodoreda (ozima pšenica, kukuruz, jari ječam+crvena detelina i crvena detelina)

Regulation of Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression by Structure Modified Arabinoxylans from Wheat Flour in Cultured Human Monocytes

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Zhang, Z., Smith, C. J., Ashworth, J. J., & Li, W. (2018). Regulation of Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression by Structure Modified Arabinoxylans from Wheat Flour in Cultured Human Monocytes. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 53(5), 1294-1302. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.13710 which has been published in final form at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijfs.13710/full. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-ArchivingThe immunomodulatory activity of the arabinoxylans (AXs) extracts from cereal sources has been reported to impart health benefits in terms of immune enhancement. This study investigated the effect of enzymatic extraction on extraction yield and structure of AXs from wheat flour pentosan fraction. Under the optimised conditions, the extraction yield of AXs reached up to 81.25%. Furthermore, the study determined whether water-extracted AXs (WEAXs) and enzyme-extracted AXs (E-WEAXs) from wheat flour were able to differentially stimulate nitric oxide (NO) secretion through increased levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in human U937 monocytes. The results indicated that AXs concomitantly induced (P < 0.05) both NO and iNOS productions in U937 monocytes compared to untreated cells. Compared with WEAXs, E-WEAXs resulted in a higher proportion of low Mw (1–10 KDa) AXs (49.51% vs. 19.11% in WEAXs), a higher A/X ratio (0.83 vs. 0.48 in WEAXs) and a higher yield (12.83 ± 0.35% vs. 7.54 ± 0.47% in WEAXs). Moreover, E-WEAXs induced significantly (P < 0.05) greater NO and iNOS production per million viable cells (61.8 ± 2.7 μm and 42.41 ± 3.83 ng respectively) than WEAXs (51.6 ± 2.6 μm and 33.46 ± 1.48 ng, respectively). The findings suggest AXs may heighten innate immune activity in the absence of infection or disease through an iNOS-mediated stimulation of NO production. The immunomodulatory activity of the wheat-derived AXs was enhanced by enzyme treatment, with low Mw and high A/X ratio associated with elevated NO/iNOS levels in human monocytes compared to water extraction

Health-related effects and improving extractability of cereal arabinoxylans

Arabinoxylans (AXs) are major dietary fibers. They are composed of backbone chains of -(1–4)- linked xylose residues to which -l-arabinose are linked in the second and/or third carbon positions. Recently, AXs have attracted a great deal of attention because of their biological activities such as their immunomodulatory potential. Extraction of AXs has some difficulties; therefore, various methods have beenusedto increase the extractability ofAXs withvaryingdegrees of success, suchas alkaline, enzymatic, mechanical extraction. However, some of these treatments have been reported to be either expensive, such as enzymatic treatments, or produce hazardous wastes and are non-environmentally friendly, such as alkaline treatments. On the other hand, mechanical assisted extraction, especially extrusion cooking, is an innovative pre-treatment that has been used to increase the solubility of AXs. The aim of the current review article is to point out the health-related effects and to discuss the current research on the extraction methods of AXs

Characterization of hemicellulosic fractions from spelt hull extracted by different methods

peer reviewe

Etude de l'influence du traitement hormonal et de la variété de maïs (Zea mays L.) dans l'haplodiploïdisation de l'épeautre (Triticum spelta L.)

Study of the impact of growth substance treatment and maize (Zea mays L.) variety in spelt (Triticum spelta L.) haplodiploidization. So far as we know, this is the first study on spelt (Triticum spelta L.) haplodiploidization. The technique used involved an inter-generic cross with maize (Zea mays L.). The rate of embryos/100 pollinated florets was 16.1. The spelt breeding line had no significant effect on embryo production, but the maize variety did, and an interaction between spelt breeding line and maize variety was found. The best rate was obtained with a maize variety of the popcorn type. The rate of caryopsis formation was low (66.2 caryopses/100 pollinated florets). The rate of plantlet regeneration was very low (38 plantlets/100 embryos), with the maize variety having an impact, but not the spelt line

Comparative study of the content and profiles of macronutrients in spelt and wheat, a review

Spelt (Triticum spelta) is a hexaploid wheat, hulled and with a brittle rachis, and it has interesting agronomic properties. It is used in feed and food, and is becoming more widely used in the growing natural foods market. Spelt differs from wheat in that it has a higher protein content (15.6% for spelt, 14.9% for wheat), higher lipid content (2.5% and 2.1%, respectively), lower insoluble fiber content (9.3% and 11.2%, respectively) and lower total fiber content (10.9% and 14.9%, respectively). There are no important differences in starch, sugar and soluble fiber content, and there is a qualitative diversity at the protein, arabinoxylan and fatty acid levels