BALIKÇI VE OĞLU: Göçmenlik ve Ekolojik Yıkımın Dokunaklı Hikâyesi

Zülfü Livaneli’nin “Balıkçı ve Oğlu” adlı yapıtında toplumsal sorunların bireyler üzerine etkisi hangi yazınsal tercihlerle anlatılmıştır

Toxic Effects of Bisphenols: A Special Focus on Bisphenol A and Its Regulations

Bisphenol A (BPA), which is an abundant chemical in the environment, is suggested to cause different toxic effects, including endocrine disruption, reprotoxicity, developmental toxicity, and neurotoxicity. Due to these effects, regulatory authorities have restricted the use of BPA in different consumer products, particularly in products used by children. These restrictions have led to researchers and plastic industry to find new and safer alternatives. Today, bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) are highly used although their toxic effects are less known. In the past years, several studies showed that these derivatives might also act as endocrine disruptors and cause toxic effects. BPA is a substance that is carefully monitored by regulatory agencies, and toxicological data are evaluated regularly. The alternatives, such as BPF and BPS, should also be monitored, and the regulations concerning their use in consumer products must be implemented soon. The increase in the number of studies on BPA and different bisphenols is very important in terms of obtaining new toxicological data and guiding regulatory institutions. This chapter will mainly focus on BPA, its toxicity, BPA alternatives, and regulations implemented by different American and European authorities

Histopatološke i apoptotske promjene u bubrezima uzrokovane subakutnom izloženosti arokloru 1254 u štakora s nedostatnim i nadomjesnim unosom selenija

Aroclor 1254 (A1254), a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls, exerts hepatic, renal, and reproductive toxicity in rodents. This study aimed to determine a protective role of selenium on histopathological changes, oxidative stress, and apoptosis caused by A1254 in rat kidney. It included a control group, which received regular diet containing 0.15 mg/kg Se (C), a Se-supplemented group (SeS) receiving 1 mg/kg Se, a Se-deficient group (SeD) receiving Se-deficient diet of ≤0.05 mg/ kg Se, an A1254-treated group (A) receiving 10 mg/kg of Aroclor 1254 and regular diet, an A1254-treated group receiving Se-supplementation (ASeS), and an A1254-treated group receiving Se-deficient diet (ASeD). Treatments lasted 15 days. After 24 h of the last dose of A1254, the animals were decapitated under anaesthesia and their renal antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation (LP), glutathione, protein oxidation, and total antioxidant capacity levels measured. Histopathological changes were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. Apoptosis was detected with the TUNEL assay. Kidney weights, CAT activities, and GSH levels decreased significantly in all A1254-treated groups. Renal atrophic changes and higher apoptotic cell counts were observed in the A and ASeD groups. Both groups also showed a significant drop in GPx1 activities (A – 34.92 % and ASeD – 86.46 %) and rise in LP (A – 30.45 % and ASeD – 20.44 %) vs control. In contrast, LP levels and apoptotic cell counts were significantly lower in the ASeS group vs the A group. Histopathological changes and renal apoptosis were particularly visible in the ASeD group. Our findings suggest that selenium supplementation provides partial protection against renal toxicity of Aroclor 1254.Mješavina polikloriranih bifenila poznata pod nazivom aroklor 1254 (A1254) dokazano je toksična za jetru, bubrege i reprodukcijski sustav u glodavaca. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je na temelju histoloških promjena te parametara oksidacijskoga stresa i apoptoze utvrditi u kojoj mjeri selenij (Se) štiti bubrege od njegove toksičnosti. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo kontrolnu skupinu na normalnoj prehrani, koja je sadržavala 0,15 mg/kg Se, zatim skupinu čija je prehrana bila obogaćena selenijem (SeS) u dozi od 1 mg/kg, skupinu čija je prehrana bila osiromašena selenijem (SeD) (≤0.05 mg/ kg), skupinu koja je uz uobičajenu prehranu bila izložena arokloru 1254 (A) u dozi od 10 mg/kg tjelesne težine, skupinu koja je uz prehranu obogaćenu selenijem bila izložena arokloru 1254 (ASeS) i konačno skupinu koja je uz prehranu osiromašenu selenijem bila izložena arokloru 1254 (ASeD). Izloženost arokloru 1254 trajala je 15 dana. Životinje su 24 sata nakon primitka posljednje doze aroklora 1254 bile dekapitirane pod općom anestezijom te su im izmjerene vrijednosti bubrežnih enzimskih aktivnosti, lipidne peroksidacije (LP), glutationa (GSH), proteinske oksidacije i ukupnoga antioksidacijskoga kapaciteta. Histopatološke promjene utvrđene su pomoću svjetlosne i elektronske mikroskopije. Broj apoptotskih stanica utvrđen je TUNEL metodom. U svih skupina izloženih arokloru 1254 uočen je pad težine bubrega te aktivnosti katalaze i glutationa. U skupinama A i ASeD također je uočen povišen broj apoptotskih stanica i atrofija bubrežnoga tkiva, značajan pad aktivnosti GPX1 (u skupini A za 34,92 %, a u skupini ASeD za 86,46 %) te porast lipidnih peroksida (u skupini A za 30,45 %, a u skupini ASeD za 20,44 %) u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu. Nasuprot skupini A, razine lipidnih peroksida i broj apoptotskih stanica bili su značajno niži u skupini ASeS, koja je primala hranu obogaćenu selenijem. Histopatološke promjene i apoptoza bubrežnih stanica osobito su se isticale u skupini ASeD na hrani osiromašenoj selenijem. Naši rezultati upućuju na to da nadomjesna primjena selenija pruža barem djelomičnu zaštitu od toksičnoga djelovanja aroklora 1254 na bubrege

Ochratoxin A in Portugal: A Review to Assess Human Exposure

In Portugal, the climate, dietary habits, and food contamination levels present the characteristics for higher population susceptibility to ochratoxin A (OTA), one of the known mycotoxins with the greatest public health and agro-economic importance. In this review, following a brief historical insight on OTA research, a summary of the available data on OTA occurrence in food (cereals, bread, wine, meat) and biological fluids (blood, urine) is made. With this data, an estimation of intake is made to ascertain and update the risk exposure estimation of the Portuguese population, in comparison to previous studies and other populations

BALIKÇI VE OĞLU: Göçmenlik ve Ekolojik Yıkımın Dokunaklı Hikâyesi

Zülfü Livaneli’nin “Balıkçı ve Oğlu” adlı yapıtında toplumsal sorunların bireyler üzerine etkisi hangi yazınsal tercihlerle anlatılmıştır