Assessing evidence on the agronomic and environmental impacts of turfgrass irrigation management

In recent years, rising competition for water coupled with new environmental regulations has exerted pressure on water allocations for turfgrass irrigation. In this article, we reviewed published scientific and industry evidence on the agronomic and environmental impacts of turfgrass irrigation using a robust systematic review methodology. Our focus was on the links between (i) irrigation management (amount and frequency), (ii) agronomic responses to irrigation (turf quality, growth rates and rooting) and (iii) environmental impacts (nitrogen leaching). Based on an initial screening of 653 studies and data extracted from 83 papers, our results show that in most cases, under moderate levels of deficit irrigation (50%–60% of actual evapotranspiration), turf quality can be maintained at an acceptable level but with lower water consumption compared to irrigating back to field capacity. Irrigation beyond field capacity was found to increase the risk of nutrient leaching. However, evidence also showed that the concentration and total loss of math formula in leachate were influenced more by nitrogen (N) rates, soil characteristics, turfgrass species and turfgrass growth rates than by irrigation practices. Our analyses suggest that turfgrass irrigation should be scheduled to apply water at moderate levels of deficit irrigation, sufficient to maintain turfgrass quality but limited to promote a deep and extensive rooting system. The findings provide new insights and valuable evidence for both scientists and practitioners involved in turfgrass research and management

Wireless LANs and Mobile Networking: Standards and Future Directions

this paper, we discuss several emerging standards that relate to wireless LAN systems. These standards include two physical and link layer standards, IEEE 802.11 and ETSI HIPERLAN, as well as a mobile networking standard, Mobile IP, and some developing standards for wireless link management. In this paper, we focus on the use of radio frequency wireless LANs, as opposed to infrared wireless systems. For radio frequency wireless LANs, the availability o

Applications of meta-heuristics to traffic engineering in IP networks

Intra-domain routing protocols are based on shortest path first (SPF) routing, where shortest paths arecalculated between each pair of nodes (routers) using pre-assigned link weights, also referred to as linkmetric. These link weights can be modified by network administrators in accordance with the routingpolicies of the network operator. The operator’s objective is usually to minimize traffic congestion orminimize total routing cost subject to the traffic demands and the protocol constraints. However,determining a link weights combination that best suits the network operator’s requirements is a difficulttask.This paper provides a survey of meta-heuristic approaches to traffic engineering, focusing on local searchapproaches and extensions to the basic problem taking into account changing demands and robustnessissues with respect to network failures.FLWINinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe