Türkiye’de Büyük Ölçekli İşletmelerde Uygulanan Ücret ve Maaş Yönetim Sistemi

Firms in the growth process have confronted important problems of management and organization. In order to solve these problems they have begun to organize along departments.One of the departments of the organization is called human resource department. The basic criteria used in determining wage levels include job analysis, job descriptions and job specifications and then job and personnel performance appraisals. The criteria also help personnel specialists avoid inadequecies and inequalities in wage structures. The tasks of the human resources department are to attract, keep and promote the employees. This field research has been conducted in the top 100 firms of Türkiye concerning wage and salary strategies. It has been found that 86% of the responding firms use modern techniques of wage and salary management. The remaining firms are preparing to do so. Recommendations are offered according to the obtained data and their results, in the chapter for results and evaluation.İşletmelerde uygulanan ücret ve maaş yönetim politikaları, insan kaynakları departmanının en önemli görevlerinden birisidir. Çünkü işgörenleri işe ve işletmeye bağlayacak faktörlerin başında ücret ve maaş yönetimi politika ve stratejileri gelmektedir.Ücret düzeyinin tespitinde farklı uygulamalar olmaması için kullanılan kriterler iş analizi, iş tanımları, iş şartnameleri hazırlanmasıyla başlar, iş ve personel değerlemesiyle son bulur.İnsan kaynakları departmanına bağlı ücret ve maaş bölümünün işletmedeki rolü çalışanları cezbetmek, elde tutmak ve teşvik etmektir. Bunu yapmak için de ilke olarak, performansı ödüllendirmek ve ona göre maaş ödeme sistemini oluşturup devamlılığını sağlamak ile maaş ödeme sisteminin parasal yöntemini kontrol altında tutmak olmalıdır.Türkiye işletmelerinde uygulanan ücret ve maaş yönetimi politika ve stratejilerine yönelik olarak Türkiyenin en büyük 100 işletmesinde bu saha araştırması yapılmıştır. Türkiyenin en büyük 100 işletmesinde modern ölçülerde ücret ve maaş yönetimi kıstaslarını %86'sı uygulamaktadır.Diğer işletmeler ise gerekli çalışmaları devam ettirdiklerini belirtmektedirler. Sonuç ve değerlendirme kısmında, elde edilen bulgular değerlendirilerek önerilerde bulunulmuştur

Sedación y Analgesia en Colonoscopia Electiva: Propofol-fentanilo versus Propofol-Alfentanilo

ResumenJustificativa y objetivoLa sedación y la analgesia están recomendadas en la colonoscopia para propiciar la comodidad, porque son procedimientos invasivos y pueden ser dolorosos. Este estudio tuvo el objetivo de comparar las combinaciones de propofol-alfentanilo y propofol-fentanilo para la sedación y la analgesia en pacientes sometidos a la colonoscopia electiva.MétodosEstudio prospectivo y aleatorio. Participaron en el estudio 80 pacientes, ASA I-II, entre 18 y 65 años. La inducción de sedación y la analgesia fue hecha con propofol (1 mg.kg-1) y fentanilo (1 μg.kg-1) en el grupo propofol-fentanilo (PF) y con propofol (1 mg.kg-1) y alfentanilo (10 μg.kg-1) en el grupo propofol-alfentanilo (PA). Para el mantenimiento, dosis adicionales de propofol se administraron en bolos de 0,5 mg.kg-1 para obtener las puntuaciones de 3-4 en la Escala de Sedación de Ramsey (ESR). Se registraron los datos demográficos, la frecuencia cardíaca, la presión arterial promedio (PAP), la saturación de oxígeno de la hemoglobina (SpO2), los valores de la ESR, el tiempo de colonoscopia, la dosis total de propofol, las complicaciones, el tiempo de recuperación y el tiempo para el alta, como también las puntuaciones de satisfacción del colonoscopista y del paciente.ResultadosLa PAP a los 15 minutos en el Grupo PA fue significativamente mayor que en el Grupo PF (p = 0,037). La frecuencia cardíaca promedio del grupo PA fue mayor al inicio que en las mensuraciones posteriores (p = 0,012, p = 0,002). El promedio de la dosis total de propofol del Grupo PA fue significativamente mayor que la del Grupo PF (p = 0,028). El tiempo promedio de recuperación del grupo PA fue significativamente mayor que el del grupo PF (p = 0,032).ConclusionesEl Fentanilo proporciona mejores condiciones de operación y reduce la necesidad de dosis adicionales de propofol. Esas ventajas reducen el tiempo de recuperación. Por tanto, el propofol-fentanilo es superior al propofol-alfentanilo para la sedación y la analgesia en la colonoscopia

Sedation-Analgesia in Elective Colonoscopy: Propofol-Fentanyl Versus Propofol-Alfentanil

AbstractBackground and objectivesSedation-analgesia is recommended for comfortable colonoscopy procedures, which are invasive and can be painful. This study aimed to compare the combinations of propofol-alfentanil and propofol-fentanyl for sedation-analgesia in elective colonoscopy patients.MethodsThis prospective and randomized study was planned in ASA I-II groups and included 80 patients between the ages of 18 and 65 years. Sedation-analgesia induction was performed as 1μg.kg-1 fentanyl, 1mg.kg-1 propofol in the propofol-fentanyl group (Group PF) and 10μg.kg-1 alfentanil, 1mg.kg-1 propofol in the propofol-alfentanil group (Group PA). Patients’ scores were limited to 3-4 values on the Ramsey Sedation Scale (RSS) by 0.5mg.kg-1 bolus additional doses of propofol in sedation-analgesia maintenance. We recorded demographical data, heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SpO2), RSS value, colonoscopy time, total dose of propofol, complications, recovery time, and discharge time, as well as colonoscopist and patient satisfaction scores.ResultsMAP at the 15th minute in Group PA was significantly higher than in Group PF (p = 0.037). Group PA's beginning mean heart rate was higher than the mean heart rate at subsequent readings (p = 0.012, p = 0.002). The mean total propofol dose of Group PA was significantly higher than the total dose of Group PF (p = 0.028). The mean recovery time of Group PA was significantly longer than that of Group PF (p = 0.032).ConclusionFentanyl provides better operative conditions and reduces the need for additional propofol doses. These advantages cause a shorter recovery time. Therefore, propofol-fentanyl is superior to the propofol-alfentanil for sedation-analgesia in colonoscopy

Volume CXIV, Number 4, November 7, 1996

Objective: Turner syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal disorder caused by complete or partial X chromosome monosomy that manifests various clinical features depending on the karyotype and on the genetic background of affected girls. This study aimed to systematically investigate the key clinical features of TS in relationship to karyotype in a large pediatric Turkish patient population.Methods: Our retrospective study included 842 karyotype-proven TS patients aged 0-18 years who were evaluated in 35 different centers in Turkey in the years 2013-2014.Results: The most common karyotype was 45,X (50.7%), followed by 45,X/46,XX (10.8%), 46,X,i(Xq) (10.1%) and 45,X/46,X,i(Xq) (9.5%). Mean age at diagnosis was 10.2±4.4 years. The most common presenting complaints were short stature and delayed puberty. Among patients diagnosed before age one year, the ratio of karyotype 45,X was significantly higher than that of other karyotype groups. Cardiac defects (bicuspid aortic valve, coarctation of the aorta and aortic stenosis) were the most common congenital anomalies, occurring in 25% of the TS cases. This was followed by urinary system anomalies (horseshoe kidney, double collector duct system and renal rotation) detected in 16.3%. Hashimoto's thyroiditis was found in 11.1% of patients, gastrointestinal abnormalities in 8.9%, ear nose and throat problems in 22.6%, dermatologic problems in 21.8% and osteoporosis in 15.3%. Learning difficulties and/or psychosocial problems were encountered in 39.1%. Insulin resistance and impaired fasting glucose were detected in 3.4% and 2.2%, respectively. Dyslipidemia prevalence was 11.4%.Conclusion: This comprehensive study systematically evaluated the largest group of karyotype-proven TS girls to date. The karyotype distribution, congenital anomaly and comorbidity profile closely parallel that from other countries and support the need for close medical surveillance of these complex patients throughout their lifespa

Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Hyperprolactinemia in Children and Adolescents: National Survey

Conclusion: We present the largest cohort of children and adolescents with hyperprolactinemia in the literature to date. Hyperprolactinemia is more common in females and cabergoline is highly effective and practical to use in adolescents, due to its biweekly dosing. Indications for surgery in pediatric cases need to be revised

Dental Anxiety in Relationship to Demographic Status and Periodontal Health in Adults

WOS: 000446726700007Objective: Dental anxiety is a major complication for many patients and practitioners. Dental fear often results in poor oral health in regard to poor cooperation. The aim of the present study was to determine the dental anxiety and its relation to socio-demographic status and periodontal health in adults. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 187 patients were asked to complete a questionnaire consisted of the questions gathering information on sex, age, education level, income level, smoking habits and the last dental visit The questionnaire also included Modified Dental Anxiety scale (MDAS) administered in Turkish language. The oral health status was determined with Community Periodontal index (CPI). Results: Based on MDAS scores, 54% of the subjects had mild anxiety, 41.7% had moderate anxiety, and 4.3% had severe anxiety. Anxiety was affected by age and gender (p0.05). Participants with higher CPI scores had significantly higher dental anxiety compared to those of lower CPI scores (p<0.05). Conclusion: Encouragement of young individuals for regular dental visits since childhood would help to lower the dental anxiety. Frequent dental visits might prevent the negative dental experiences and contribute to decrease the dental fear