MAMP (microbe-associated molecular pattern) triggered immunity in plants

Plants are sessile organisms that are under constant attack from microbes. They rely on both preformed defenses, and their innate immune system to ward of the microbial pathogens. Preformed defences include for example the cell wall and cuticle, which act as physical barriers to microbial colonization. The plant immune system is composed of surveillance systems that perceive several general microbe elicitors, which allow plants to switch from growth and development into a defense mode, rejecting most potentially harmful microbes. The elicitors are essential structures for pathogen survival and are conserved among pathogens. The conserved microbe-specific molecules, referred to as microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs or PAMPs), are recognized by the plant innate immune systems pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). General elicitors like flagellin (Flg), elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), peptidoglycan (PGN), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), Ax21 (Activator of XA21-mediated immunity in rice), fungal chitin and β-glucans from oomycetes are recognized by plant surface localized PRRs. Several of the MAMPs and their corresponding PRRs have, in recent years, been identified. This review focuses on the current knowledge regarding important MAMPs from bacteria, fungi and oomycetes, their structure, the plant PRRs that recognizes them, and how they induce MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI) in plants

Evaluation of the causes for family refusal to donate organs and tissue

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the causes for family refusal to donate organs and tissue. METHODS: Correlational cross-sectional study regarding the causes for the family refusal to donate organs and tissue. Data were analyzed using chi-square and Student's t test. RESULTS: The study emphasized that the main reasons for the refusal are: incomprehension regarding the brain death diagnosis (21%), religion (19%), lack of technical competence of the team (19%), long process (10%), the deceased was a non-donor (9%), fear of mutilation (5.2%), being buried as the person came to this world (3.4%), quality of the service (3.4%), decision of a single member of the family (3.4%), negative previous experience from another donation process (1.7%), body transfer (1.7%). CONCLUSION: The causes for family refusal are associated with the family members' lack of understanding regarding the brain death diagnosis, aspects related to religion and lack of preparation of the professional who performed the interview.OBJETIVO: Avaliação das causas de recusa familiar para a doação de órgãos e tecidos. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal correlacional sobre as causas de recusa familiar para a doação de órgãos e tecidos. Para análise dos dados foi utilizado o teste Qui-Quadrado e o t-Student. RESULTADOS: A pesquisa destacou que os principais motivos de recusa relacionados são: não compreensão do diagnóstico de morte encefálica (21%), religiosidade (19%), falta de competência técnica da equipe (19%), tempo longo processo (10%), falecido não era doador (9%), medo da mutilação (5,2%), enterrado como veio ao mundo (3,4%), qualidade do atendimento (3,4%), decisão de um único membro da família (3,4%), experiência negativa em outro processo de doação (1,7%), transferência do corpo (1,7%). CONCLUSÃO: As causas de recusa familiar estão ligadas a não compreensão do diagnostico da morte encefálica pelos familiares, aspectos ligados a religião, despreparo do profissional que realizou a entrevista.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de EnfermagemUNIFESP, EPESciEL

Sequence-Based Genotyping of Expressed Swine Leukocyte Antigen Class I Alleles by Next-Generation Sequencing Reveal Novel Swine Leukocyte Antigen Class I Haplotypes and Alleles in Belgian, Danish, and Kenyan Fattening Pigs and Göttingen Minipigs

The need for typing of the swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) is increasing with the expanded use of pigs as models for human diseases and organ-transplantation experiments, their use in infection studies, and for design of veterinary vaccines. Knowledge of SLA sequences is furthermore a prerequisite for the prediction of epitope binding in pigs. The low number of known SLA class I alleles and the limited knowledge of their prevalence in different pig breeds emphasizes the need for efficient SLA typing methods. This study utilizes an SLA class I-typing method based on next-generation sequencing of barcoded PCR amplicons. The amplicons were generated with universal primers and predicted to resolve 68–88% of all known SLA class I alleles dependent on amplicon size. We analyzed the SLA profiles of 72 pigs from four different pig populations; Göttingen minipigs and Belgian, Kenyan, and Danish fattening pigs. We identified 67 alleles, nine previously described haplotypes and 15 novel haplotypes. The highest variation in SLA class I profiles was observed in the Danish pigs and the lowest among the Göttingen minipig population, which also have the highest percentage of homozygote individuals. Highlighting the fact that there are still numerous unknown SLA class I alleles to be discovered, a total of 12 novel SLA class I alleles were identified. Overall, we present new information about known and novel alleles and haplotypes and their prevalence in the tested pig populations

X-ray magnetic circular dichroïsm provides strong evidence for tetrahedral iron in ferrihydrite

International audience[1] Ferrihydrite is an important iron oxyhydroxide for earth and environmental sciences, biology, and technology. Nevertheless, its mineral structure remains a matter of debate. The stumbling block is whether a significant amount of tetrahedrally coordinated iron is present. Here we present the first X-ray magnetic circular dichroïsm (XMCD) measurements performed on a well characterized synthetic sample of 6-line fer-rihydrite, at both K and L 2,3 energy edges of iron. XMCD results demonstrate unambiguously the presence of tetrahedrally coordinated Fe(III) in the mineral structure, in quantities compatible with the latest extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analyses suggesting a concentration of 20–30%. Moreover , we find an antiferromagnetic coupling between tetrahedral and octahedral sublattices, with the octa-hedral sublattice parallel to the external magnetic field. Components: 5100 words, 3 figures

Marine mammal acoustic detections in the Greenland and Barents Sea, 2013 – 2014 seasons

While the Greenland and Barents Seas are known habitats for several cetacean and pinniped species there is a lack of long-term monitoring data in this rapidly changing environment. Moreover, little is known of the ambient soundscapes, and increasing of-shore anthropogenic activities can infuence the ecosystem and marine life. Baseline acoustic data is needed to better assess current and future soundscape and ecosystem conditions. The analysis of a year of continuous data from three passive acoustic monitoring devices revealed species-dependent seasonal and spatial variation of a large variety of marine mammals in the Greenland and Barents Seas. Sampling rates were 39 and 78kHz in the respective locations, and all systems were operational at a duty cycle of 2min on, 30min of. The research presents a description of cetacean and pinniped acoustic detections along with a variety of unknown low-frequency tonal sounds, and ambient sound level measurements that fall within the scope of the European Marine Strategy Framework (MSFD). The presented data shows the importance of monitoring Arctic underwater biodiversity for assessing the ecological changes under the scope of climate changePeer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Integrative review: indicators of result process of organ donation and transplants

OBJECTIVE: Identify by integrated review the main result indicators in the process of organ donation and transplants used in Brazil and worldwide. The integrated review of this literature was performed on bibliographic database MedLine/PubMed and LILACS and governmental and nongovernmental sites between 1995 and 2011. The describers/keywords used were organ donations, organ transplant and results in health, being selected 26 articles and nine sites. The evidence level classification in the articles changed from one to six. RESULTS: The evidence level in the articles in its totality was 66.6% was four (12:18 PubMed) all the articles of LILACS database (8). The indicators showed in the articles intends to evaluate, assess, measure and control data related to the profile of the donor, clinical and hospital conditions, ischemia timing, organ size, surgical procedure and the complications that came from transplants.OBJETIVO: Identificar por meio da revisão integrativa os principais indicadores de resultado do processo de doação de órgãos e transplantes utilizados e transplantes no Brasil e no mundo. A revisão integrativa da literatura foi realizada nas bases de dados bibliográficas MedLine/PubMed e LILACS e sites governamentais e não governamentais no período de 1995 e 2011. Os descritores/palavras chaves utilizados foram doação de órgãos, transplante de órgãos e resultados em saúde, sendo selecionados 26 artigos e nove sites. A classificação do nível de evidência dos artigos variou de um a seis. RESULTADOS: Nível de evidência dos artigos na sua maioria 66,6% foi quatro (12:18 PubMed) todos os artigos da base LILACS (8). Os indicadores apresentados nos artigos se propõem a avaliar, mensurar e controlar dados relacionados ao perfil do doador, condições clínicas e hospitalares, tempo de isquemia e tamanho do órgão, procedimento cirúrgico e as complicações advindas do transplante.Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo Central de Transplantes de São PauloUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de EnfermagemCentro Universitário para o Desenvolvimento do Alto Vale do ItajaíUNIFESP, EPMUNIFESP, EPESciEL

Phonological awareness and phonics

Research shows that a student\u27s phonics and phonemic awareness skills are learned and practiced through direct instruction with follow up activities. This literature review shows some of the many ways in which teachers could help grow their students\u27 knowledge and deeper understanding of phonics and phonemic awareness. This literature review will spotlight peer reviewed, scholarly journals that were used in order to inform the reader. The results of the many journal findings show that frequent practice of learned phonetic skills will encourage growth of the child’s mind. Direct, explicit instruction followed by activities that include abundant teaching strategies have been found greatly successful