Fragility analysis of wide-beam infill-joist block RC frames

Purpose: The purpose of the presented study is to develop fragility curves for the wide-beam infill-joist block reinforced concrete structures. Theory and Methods: Nonlinear time history analyses are performed for the set of selected ground motions. The performance levels are identified through pushover analysis and fragility curves are produced for ground motion parameters. Results: Fragility curves obtained for the wide-beam RC frames presents a different characteristic than the curves obtained for the conventional frames. Conclusion: Results show that wide-beam RC frame buildings are seismically more vulnerable than the conventional deep beam RC frame buildings based on structural models with similar properties. The possible reason seems to be low lateral stiffness of wide-beam frames that causes large lateral drift demands and therefore severe damage at the wide-beam column connections

Extending displacement-based earthquake loss assessment (DBELA) for the computation of fragility curves

This paper presents a new procedure to derive fragility functions for populations of buildings that relies on the displacement-based earthquake loss assessment (DBELA) methodology. In the method proposed herein, thousands of synthetic buildings have been produced considering the probabilistic distribution describing the variability in geometrical and material properties. Then, their nonlinear capacity has been estimated using the DBELA method and their response against a large set of ground motion records has been estimated. Global limit states are used to estimate the distribution of buildings in each damage state for different levels of ground motion, and a regression algorithm is applied to derive fragility functions for each limit state. The proposed methodology is demonstrated for the case of ductile and non-ductile Turkish reinforced concrete frames with masonry infills

Fuzzy-logic based inelastic displacement ratios of degrading RC structures

The existing classical methods for estimating the inelastic displacement ratios of reinforced concrete (RC) structures subjected to seismic excitation are built upon several assumptions that ignore the effect of uncertainties on the concerning phenomenon. Uncertainty techniques are more appropriate to modeling such phenomenon that inherits impreciseness. This research presents a new method predicting the inelastic displacement ratio of moderately degrading RC structures subjected to earthquake loading using expert systems such as fuzzy logic approach. A well-defined degrading model was used to conduct the dynamic analyses. A total of 300 earthquake motions recorded on firm sites, including recent ones from Japan and New Zealand, with magnitudes greater than 5 and peak ground acceleration (PGA) values greater than 0.08 g, were selected. These earthquake records were applied on five RC columns that were chosen among 255 tested columns based on their beam–column element parameters reported by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (2003) [1]. A total of 96,000 dynamic analyses were conducted. The results from these analyses were used to develop the fuzzy inelastic displacement ratio model inheriting uncertainties in terms of strength reduction factor (R) and period of vibration (T). The performance evaluation of the new fuzzy logic model and four classical methods were investigated using different independent data sets. As a result, more accurate results were predicted using the new fuzzy logic model

Direct damage controlled seismic design of plane steel degrading frames

A new method for seismic design of plane steel moment resisting framed structures is developed. This method is able to control damage at all levels of performance in a direct manner. More specifically, the method: (a) can determine damage in any member or the whole of a designed structure under any given seismic load, (b) can dimension a structure for a given seismic load and desired level of damage and (c) can determine the maximum seismic load a designed structure can sustain in order to exhibit a desired level of damage. In order to accomplish these things, an appropriate seismic damage index is used that takes into account the interaction between axial force and bending moment at a section, strength and stiffness degradation as well as low cycle fatigue. Then, damage scales are constructed on the basis of extensive parametric studies involving a large number of frames exhibiting cyclic strength and stiffness degradation and a large number of seismic motions and using the above damage index for damage determination. Some numerical examples are presented to illustrate the proposed method and demonstrate its advantages against other methods of seismic design. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

Seismic Vulnerability of Flat-Slab Structures

The study has three main objectives. The first objective is to investigate the fragility of flat-slab reinforced concrete systems. Developing the fragility information of flat-slab construction will be a novel achievement since the issue has not been the concern of any research in the literature. The second objective is to assess HAZUS as an open-source, nationally accepted earthquake loss estimation software environment. It is important to understand the potentials and the limitations of the methodology, the relationship between the hazard, damage and the loss modules, and the plausibility of the results before using it for the purposes of hazard mitigation, preparedness or recovery. The last objective is to implement the fragility information obtained for the flat-slab structural system into HAZUS. The methodology involves many built-in specific building types, but does not include flat-slab structures. Hence it will be extra achievement to develop HAZUScompatible fragility curves to be used within the methodology.National Science Foundation EEC-970178

Estimation of Potential Seismic Damage in Urban Areas

Large earthquakes are known to have significant damage potential in urban regions. Recently all over the world, efforts are made toward reduction of future probable damages. The first step in damage mitigation is the estimation of expected damage levels in buildings that are subjected to earthquakes with different intensities. Due to the inherent uncertainties involved in the analyses, estimation of seismic damage rates must be handled within a probabilistic framework. To assess the damage rates under different shaking levels, “seismic damage” needs to be quantified and measured in a standard manner. The most common approach to quantify seismic damage rates is to perform fragility analyses. Fragility is defined as the probability of a system reaching a limit state as a function of seismic intensity levels..

Generation of fragility curves for Turkish masonry buildings considering in-plane failure modes

This study focuses on the seismic safety evaluation of masonry buildings in Turkey for in-plane failure modes using fragility curves. Masonry buildings are classified and a set of fragility curves are generated for each class. The major structural parameters in the classification of masonry buildings are considered as the number of stories, load-bearing wall material, regularity in plan and the arrangement of walls (required length, openings in walls, etc.), in accordance with the observations from previous earthquakes and field databases. The fragility curves are generated by using time history (for demand) and pushover (for capacity) analyses. From the generated sets of fragility curves, it is observed that the damage state probabilities are significantly influenced from the number of stories and wall material strength. In the second stage of the study, the generated fragility curves are employed to estimate the damage of masonry buildings in Dinar after the 1995 earthquake. The estimated damage by fragility information is compared with the inspected visual damage as assessed from the Damage Evaluation Form. For the quantification of fragility-based damage, a single-valued index, named as 'vulnerability score' (VS), is proposed. There seems to be a fair agreement between the two damage measures. In addition to this, decisions regarding the repair or demolition of masonry buildings in Dinar due to visual damage inspection are on comparable grounds with the relative measure obtained from VS of the same buildings. Hence, the fragility-based procedure can provide an alternative for the seismic safety evaluation of masonry buildings in Turkey. Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Importance of Degrading Behavior for Seismic Performance Evaluation of Simple Structural Systems

This study focuses on effect of degradation characteristics on seismic performance of simple structural systems. Equivalent single degree of freedom systems are used for which the structural characteristics are taken from existing reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings. Simulation of degrading behavior is achieved by considering actual experimental data. To obtain the seismic response of degrading structural systems, two different approaches are used: inelastic spectral analysis and fragility analysis. According to the results obtained from both approaches, degrading behavior is dominant for mid-rise RC frame buildings as it significantly amplifies seismic demand. Hence, in performance-based assessment approaches, analytical modeling of such degrading structures should be carried out carefully

Az ve orta katlı betonarme yapıların hasar görebilirliğinin incelenmesi

TÜBİTAK MAG Proje01.11.2006Yapı sistemlerinin hasargörebilirliğinin yerel yapı karakteristiği ve bina envanteri göz önüne alınarak belirlenmesi, deprem etkilerinin tahmini ve bu etkilerin hafifletilmesi için hayati önem taşımaktadır. Benzer bir çalışmanın ürünü olan bu rapor, Türkiye’deki az ve orta katlı betonarme çerçeveli yapı sistemlerinin hasargörebilirliğini ortaya koyma amacı taşımaktadır. Bu projenin kapsamı, ülkemizdeki yapı stokunun yaklaşık %75’ini oluşturan ve genellikle konut amaçlı kullanılan az ve orta katlı betonarme çerçeveli yapı sistemleri ile sınırlıdır. Benimsenen metot sebebiyle 3, 5, 7 ve 9 katlı betonarme çerçeveli yapıların mevcut deprem yönetmeliklerine uygun olarak tasarımı yapılmış ve bu yapılara ait iki boyutlu analitik modeller hazırlanmıştır. Malzeme değişkenliğindeki belirsizlikler analitik simülasyonlarının oluşturulmasında göz önüne alınmış, bu modeller ülkemize özgü yapı karakteristikleri ve büyük depremler sonrası elde edilen sismik performans gerçekleri doğrultusunda zayıf, tipik veya iyi kalite olmak üzere sınıflandırılmıştır. Yapıların farklı deprem grupları için hesaplanmış talep istatistikleri maksimum katlararası ötelenme oranı ile ifade edilmiştir. Yapısal kapasite hasar sınırları ile tanımlanmıştır. Hasargörebilirlik eğrileri her bir yapı sınıfı için oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmanın sonunda, elde edilen hasargörebilirlik eğrileri bölgesel hasar tahmin çalışmasına uygulanmıştır.Bu amaçla, İstanbul’un Fatih ilçesinde yürütülen yapıların deprem güvenliği projesine dahil bina envanteri kullanılmıştır. Ortaya çıkan sonuçların ışığında ülkemizdeki az ve orta katlı betonarme çerçeveli binaların doğasındaki yapısal zayıflıklar hasar potansiyeli fonksiyonları ile yansıtılmıştır. Sonuç olarak bu araştırma projesi önümüzdeki dönemde ülkemizde özellikle kentsel alanlarda yapılacak deprem hasar ve kayıplarının tahminine ilişkin çalışmalar için güvenilir bir hasar potansiyeli veri tabanı oluşacaktır.The investigation of structural vulnerability by considering the country–specific characteristics of building stock is vital to manage the earthquake risk and to develop strategies for disaster mitigation. Such a research project aimed to assess the structural deficiencies in low–rise and mid–rise reinforced concrete frame structures in Turkey is presented in this report. The scope of the research project is low–rise and mid–rise structures, which constitute approximately 75% of the total building stock in Turkey and which are generally occupied with residential purposes. As a consequence of the methodology followed, the seismic design of 3, 5, 7 and 9–story reinforced concrete frame structures are carried out based on the current earthquake codes and two dimensional analytical models are constructed accordingly. The uncertainty in material variability is taken into account in the formation of structural simulations. Frame structures in this study are categorized as poor, typical or superior according to the specific characteristics of construction practice and the observed seismic performance of structures after major earthquakes in Turkey. The seismic demand statistics in terms of maximum interstory drift ratio are obtained for different sets of ground motion records. The capacity is determined in terms of limit states and the corresponding fragility curves are obtained from the probability of exceedance each limit state for different levels of ground shaking. In the last phase of the study, the generated fragility curves are employed in a regional loss estimation study. For this purpose, the building database that has been constituted during the project regarding the assessment of seismic safety of building structures in Fatih district, Istanbul. The results are promising in the sense that the inherent structural deficiencies are reflected in the final fragility functions. Consequently, this report provides a reliable fragility–based database for earthquake damage and loss estimation studies in urban areas of Turkey