Planetary Science Virtual Observatory architecture

In the framework of the Europlanet-RI program, a prototype of Virtual Observatory dedicated to Planetary Science was defined. Most of the activity was dedicated to the elaboration of standards to retrieve and visualize data in this field, and to provide light procedures to teams who wish to contribute with on-line data services. The architecture of this VO system and selected solutions are presented here, together with existing demonstrators

Recovery of surface reflectance spectra and evaluation of the optical depth of aerosols in the near-IR using a Monte-Carlo approach: Application to the OMEGA observations of high latitude regions of Mars

We present a model of radiative transfer through atmospheric particles based on Monte Carlo methods. This model can be used to analyze and remove the contribution of aerosols in remote sensing observations. We have developed a method to quantify the contribution of atmospheric dust in near-IR spectra of the Martian surface obtained by the OMEGA imaging spectrometer on board Mars Express. Using observations in the nadir pointing mode with significant differences in solar incidence angles, we can infer the optical depth of atmospheric dust, and we can retrieve the surface reflectance spectra free of aerosol contribution. Martian airborne dust properties are discussed and constrained from previous studies and OMEGA data. We have tested our method on a region at 90{\deg}E and 77{\deg}N extensively covered by OMEGA, where significant variations of the albedo of ice patches in the visible have been reported. The consistency between reflectance spectra of ice-covered and ice-free regions recovered at different incidence angles validates our approach. The optical depth of aerosols varies by a factor 3 in this region during the summer of Martian year 27. The observed brightening of ice patches does not result from frost deposition but from a decrease in the dust contamination of surface ice and (to a lower extent) from a decrease in the optical thickness of atmospheric dust. Our Monte Carlo-based model can be applied to recover the spectral reflectance characteristics of the surface from OMEGA spectral imaging data when the optical thickness of aerosols can be evaluated. It could prove useful for processing image cubes from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO)

On discretization in time in simulations of particulate flows

We propose a time discretization scheme for a class of ordinary differential equations arising in simulations of fluid/particle flows. The scheme is intended to work robustly in the lubrication regime when the distance between two particles immersed in the fluid or between a particle and the wall tends to zero. The idea consists in introducing a small threshold for the particle-wall distance below which the real trajectory of the particle is replaced by an approximated one where the distance is kept equal to the threshold value. The error of this approximation is estimated both theoretically and by numerical experiments. Our time marching scheme can be easily incorporated into a full simulation method where the velocity of the fluid is obtained by a numerical solution to Stokes or Navier-Stokes equations. We also provide a derivation of the asymptotic expansion for the lubrication force (used in our numerical experiments) acting on a disk immersed in a Newtonian fluid and approaching the wall. The method of this derivation is new and can be easily adapted to other cases

The EPN-TAP protocol for the Planetary Science Virtual Observatory

A Data Access Protocol has been set up to search and retrieve Planetary Science data in general. This protocol will allow the user to select a subset of data from an archive in a standard way, based on the IVOA Table Access Protocol (TAP). The TAP mechanism is completed by an underlying Data Model and reference dictionaries. This paper describes the principle of the EPN- TAP protocol and interfaces, underlines the choices that have been made, and discusses possible evolutions.Comment: 21 pages. Submitted to Astronomy & Computing, S.I. Virtual Observator

AUDIT STATE DEPENDENT TAXPAYER COMPLIANCE: THEORY AND EVIDENCE FROM COLOMBIA

We develop and analyze a dynamic model of individual taxpayer compliance choice that predicts “audit state dependent taxpayer compliance”, by distinguishing between naïve and myopic behavior versus sophisticated and forward-looking behavior. We then test experimentally the audit state dependent model by reporting the results from the first tax compliance experiment run in Colombia. Consistent with previous studies as well as theoretical predictions, we find that subjects’ compliance rates increase in the audit probability and in the fine rate. We also find more novel results, both theoretically and empirically: fine rates should be increased after an audit to discourage otherwise-increased underreporting, and “nudging” myopic individuals toward reporting a constant rather than a fluctuating proportion of income would benefit both the taxpayer and the tax authority

Thermal maps and properties of comet 67P as derived from Rosetta/VIRTIS data

After a 10-year cruise, the Rosetta spacecraft began a close exploration of its main target, comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, in July 2014. Since then, the Visible InfraRed Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS) acquired hyperspectral images of the comet’s surface with an unprecedented spatial resolution. VIRTIS data are routinely used to map the surface composition and to retrieve surface temperatures on the dayside of the comet. The thermal behavior of the surface of comet 67P is related to composition and physical properties that provide information about the nature and evolution of those materials. Here we present temperature maps of comet 67P that were observed by Rosetta under different illumination conditions and different local solar times

Airway structural cells regulate TLR5-mediated mucosal adjuvant activity

Antigen-presenting cell (APC) activation is enhanced by vaccine adjuvants. Most vaccines are based on the assumption that adjuvant activity of Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists depends on direct, functional activation of APCs. Here, we sought to establish whether TLR stimulation in non-hematopoietic cells contributes to flagellin’s mucosal adjuvant activity. Nasal administration of flagellin enhanced T-cell-mediated immunity, and systemic and secretory antibody responses to coadministered antigens in a TLR5-dependent manner. Mucosal adjuvant activity was not affected by either abrogation of TLR5 signaling in hematopoietic cells or the presence of flagellin-specific, circulating neutralizing antibodies. We found that flagellin is rapidly degraded in conducting airways, does not translocate into lung parenchyma and stimulates an early immune response, suggesting that TLR5 signaling is regionalized. The flagellin-specific early response of lung was regulated by radioresistant cells expressing TLR5 (particularly the airway epithelial cells). Flagellin stimulated the epithelial production of a small set of mediators that included the chemokine CCL20, which is known to promote APC recruitment in mucosal tissues. Our data suggest that (i) the adjuvant activity of TLR agonists in mucosal vaccination may require TLR stimulation of structural cells and (ii) harnessing the effect of adjuvants on epithelial cells can improve mucosal vaccines.Fil: Van Maele, Laurye. Institut Pasteur de Lille. Lille; Francia. Univ Lille Nord de France. Lille; Francia. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; FranciaFil: Fougeron, Delphine. Institut Pasteur de Lille. Lille; Francia. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Francia. Univ Lille Nord de France. Lille; FranciaFil: Janot, Laurent. University of Orléans. Orléans; Francia. Institut de Transgenose. Orleans; FranciaFil: Didierlaurent, A.. Imperial College of London. Londres; Reino UnidoFil: Cayet, D.. Institut Pasteur de Lille. Lille; Francia. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Francia. Univ Lille Nord de France. Lille; FranciaFil: Tabareau, J.. Institut Pasteur de Lille. Lille; Francia. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Francia. Univ Lille Nord de France. Lille; FranciaFil: Rumbo, Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos; ArgentinaFil: Corvo Chamaillard, S.. Institut Pasteur de Lille. Lille; Francia. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Francia. Univ Lille Nord de France. Lille; FranciaFil: Boulenoir, S.. Institut Pasteur de Lille. Lille; Francia. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Francia. Univ Lille Nord de France. Lille; FranciaFil: Jeffs, S. Imperial College of London. Londres; Reino UnidoFil: Vande Walle, L. Department of Medical Protein Research. Ghent; Bélgica. University of Ghent; BélgicaFil: Lamkanfi, M.. Department of Medical Protein Research. Ghent; Bélgica. University of Ghent; BélgicaFil: Lemoine, Y.. Univ Lille Nord de France. Lille; Francia. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Francia. Institut Pasteur de Lille. Lille; FranciaFil: Erard, F.. Institut de Transgenose. Orleans; Francia. University of Orléans. Orléans; FranciaFil: Hot, D.. Univ Lille Nord de France. Lille; Francia. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Francia. Institut Pasteur de Lille. Lille; FranciaFil: Hussell, Tracy. Imperial College of London. Londres; Reino Unido. University of Manchester; Reino UnidoFil: Ryffel, B.. Institut de Transgenose. Orleans; Francia. University of Orléans. Orléans; FranciaFil: Benecke, Arndt G.. Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; FranciaFil: Sirard, J.C.. Univ Lille Nord de France. Lille; Francia. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Francia. Institut Pasteur de Lille. Lille; Franci

lncRNA requirements for mouse acute myeloid leukemia and normal differentiation

A substantial fraction of the genome is transcribed in a cell type-specific manner, producing long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), rather than protein-coding transcripts. Here we systematically characterize transcriptional dynamics during hematopoiesis and in hematological malignancies. Our analysis of annotated and de novo assembled lncRNAs showed many are regulated during differentiation and mis-regulated in disease. We assessed lncRNA function via an in vivo RNAi screen in a model of acute myeloid leukemia. This identified several lncRNAs essential for leukemia maintenance, and found that a number act by promoting leukemia stem cell signatures. Leukemia blasts show a myeloid differentiation phenotype when these lncRNAs were depleted, and our data indicates that this effect is mediated via effects on the c-MYC oncogene. Bone marrow reconstitutions showed that a lncRNA expressed across all progenitors was required for the myeloid lineage, whereas the other leukemia-induced lncRNAs were dispensable in the normal setting

Effect of conditioning regimen intensity on CMV infection in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.

Nonmyeloablative conditioning is less toxic and results in initial establishment of mixed hematopoietic T cell chimerism for up to half a year with prolonged presence of host T cell immunity. In this study, we examined whether this translates into differences in the risks and/or severity of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease. We analyzed data from 537 nonmyeloablative (NM-HCT) and contemporaneous 2489 myeloablative hematopoietic cell transplant (M-HCT) recipients. In CMV seropositive recipients, no difference in the overall hazards of CMV infection at any level (adjusted hazard ratio [adj. HR] 0.9, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.7-1.0, P = .14) was noted; however, NM-HCT was associated with a lower risk of high-grade CMV infection (adj. HR 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5-0.9, P = .02). CMV disease rates were similar between the groups during the first 100 days after HCT, but NM-HCT recipients had an increased risk of late CMV disease (adj. HR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.4). The increased risk of late CMV disease after NM-HCT was pronounced during the earlier years of the study period, but not detectable in more recent years. Contrary to earlier reports, survival following CMV disease was not reduced after NM-HCT when compared to M-HCT recipients. These results suggest that residual host cells after NM-HCT reduce progression to higher CMV viral load in NM-HCT recipients; however, this effect does not appear to protect against serious complications of CMV. Therefore, CMV prevention strategies in NM-HCT recipients should be similar to those used in M-HCT recipients