Person or Place? Parametric and semiparametric estimates of intrametropolitan earnings variation

Some scholars have attributed earnings differences among locations to labor market conditions ("place effects") whereas others have focused on the skill level of residents ("person effects"). We estimate a variety of selection models in an effort to detect differences in labor market conditions while controlling for differences in skill levels. We maintain the assumption that there are no barriers to mobility within a metropolitan area for highly educated white men, which implies that intra-urban differences for this group reflect sorting by skill and earnings rather than real wage differences for equally productive workers. This prediction allows us to reject several conventional parametric selection models. We estimate a semiparametric selection model that yields strong evidence that, for less educated white men, the apparent suburban earnings premium is due to sorting rather than labor market differences.

Fluelarver som proteinfoder til økologisk fjerkræ

Fluelarvemel suppleret med levende fluelarver er et godt alternativ til fiskemel i økologisk hønsehold, viser ny forskning fra AU Foulum

Bone health in women with a history of gestational diabetes or obesity

Introduction Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of bone fractures. However, bone health of women with a history of gestational diabetes (GDM) has received little attention. This cross-sectional study compares bone health between premenopausal women with and without a history of GDM, and examines factors associated with bone health in women with a history of GDM or obesity. Material and methods We measured areal bone mineral density for total hip, lumbar spine and whole body, and total body fat percentage (fat%) with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 224 women. In addition, we measured bone characteristics of radius and tibia with peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Results When compared with women without a history of GDM (mean age 39 years [SD 5], body mass index [BMI] 35 kg/m(2) [SD 6], fat% 48 [SD 7]), women with a history of GDM (age 41 years [SD 4], BMI 31 kg/m(2) [SD 7], fat% 43 [SD 10]) had lower hip and whole body bone mineral densities, and inferior tibia outcomes. However, the differences in bone characteristics disappeared after controlling for age, height, BMI and fat%. After controlling for age, height, BMI and smoking, physical activity and healthier diet were positively associated with bone outcomes, whereas fat%, HbA(1c) and screen time were negatively associated with bone outcomes. Particularly, fat% showed independent negative associations with whole body bone mineral density and several tibia and radius characteristics. Conclusions Fat% is associated with adverse bone health, independently of BMI, in women with a history of GDM or obesity. Promoting healthy lifestyle and reducing fat% in high-risk women could improve bone health and prevent future fractures.Peer reviewe

Heavy Screen Use on Weekends in Childhood Predicts Increased Body Mass Index in Adolescence : A Three-Year Follow-Up Study

Purpose We aimed to examine whether sedentary screen time changes when transitioning from childhood to adolescence and whether children's screen time, separately for school days and weekends, affects body mass index (BMI) in adolescents. Methods This prospective 3-year follow-up study included 5,084 children with a mean (standard deviation) age of 11 (1) years at baseline and 14 (1) years at follow-up. Children reported screen time, more specifically, time spent viewing TV programs and using a computer outside school while sitting. We categorized children into light, medium, and heavy TV viewers and computer users separately for school days and weekends. We also calculated the age- and gender-specific BMI z-score (BMIz). Results Time spent viewing TV changed from baseline to follow-up on school days and on weekends (p <.001 for both); the proportion of heavy TV viewers on school days (≥3 h/d) increased from 16% to 23% and on weekends (≥4 h/d) from 19% to 30%. Heavy TV viewers and computer users on both school days and on weekends had a higher BMIz 3 years later (p <.001 for all). After adjusting for age, gender, language, baseline BMIz, sleep duration, eating habits, exercise, and the other screen-time variables, heavy TV viewing on weekends remained significantly associated with an increased BMIz at follow-up (B = .078; p = .013). Conclusions The proportion of heavy screen users increases when transitioning from childhood to adolescence. Moreover, heavy screen use, especially on weekends in 11-year-old children, is associated with an increased BMI 3 years later.Peer reviewe

Saliva microbiota differs between children with low and high sedentary screen times

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s)This study examined whether the diversity, composition and functional capacity of the saliva microbiota differed between children with low and high sedentary screen times. We analyzed the saliva microbiota using 16S rRNA (V3–V4) sequencing from 193 children with low and 183 children with high TV/screen viewing times while sitting. Microbiota diversity was higher among children with low screen times compared to children with high screen times. Furthermore, microbiota composition differed between the screen time groups. In addition, we identified ten differentially abundant taxonomic groups, including Veillonella, Prevotella and Streptococcus, and five differentially present metabolic pathways between the screen time groups. Children with high screen times exhibited a higher capacity to synthesize the fatigue- and activity-related amino acids ornithine and arginine. To conclude, children with high sedentary screen (sitting) times exhibited a lower diversity and a different composition and functionality of the microbiota compared to children with low screen times.Peer reviewe

Comparing estimates of physical activity in children across different cut-points and the associations with weight status

This study aimed to compare sedentary time (SED) and intensity-specific physical activity (PA) estimates and the associations of SED and PA with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) using three different sets of cut-points in preschool-aged children. A total of 751 children (4.7 +/- 0.9 years, boys 52.7%) wore an ActiGraph GT3X+BT accelerometer on their hip for 7 days (24 h). Euclidean norm -1 G with negative values rounded to zero (ENMO) and activity counts from vertical axis (VACounts) and vector magnitude (VMCounts) were derived. Estimates of SED and light, moderate, vigorous, and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) were calculated for commonly used cut-points by Hildebrand et al., Butte et al., and Evenson et al. Furthermore, the prevalence of meeting the PA recommendation, 180 min/day of which at least 60 min/day being MVPA, were assessed for the cut-points. Multilevel mixed analysis was used to examine associations of SED and PA with BMI and WC. In accordance with the results, SED and PA intensity estimates differed largely across cut-points (i.e., SED = 22-341 min/day; light PA = 52-257 min/day; moderate PA = 5-18 min/day; vigorous PA = 7-17 min/day; MVPA = 13-35 min/day), and the prevalence of children meeting the PA recommendation varied from 4% to 70%. Associations of SED and PA with BMI or WC varied between the cut-points. Our results indicate that SED and PA estimates in preschool-aged children between studies using these cut-points are poorly comparable. Methods facilitating accelerometer-derived PA estimate comparison between studies are highly warranted.Peer reviewe

Physical activity and health-related quality of life among high-risk women for type 2 diabetes in the early years after pregnancy

Background Previous studies have shown that physical activity (PA) correlates positively with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in the general population. Few studies have investigated associations between device-measured PA and HRQoL among premenopausal women at risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). In addition to physical well-being, general well-being improved by PA has been suggested to strengthen PA's benefits in reducing metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between PA and HRQoL (general and dimensions) among high-risk women in the early post-pregnancy years when T2D risk is highest and to estimate whether current obesity or prior gestational diabetes (GDM) modified these associations. Methods This cross-sectional study of high-risk women [body mass index (BMI) >= 30 kg/m(2) and/or prior GDM)]4-6 years after delivery measured sleep, sedentary time, daily steps, and light (LPA), moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA), and vigorous PA (VPA) with the SenseWear ArmbandTM accelerometer for seven days and HRQoL with the 15D instrument. Results The analyses included 204 women with a median (IQR) age of 39 (6.0) years and a median BMI of 31.1 kg/m(2) (10.9). 54% were currently obese (BMI >= 30 kg/m(2)), and 70% had prior gestational diabetes (GDM+). Women with obesity had lower PA levels than women with normal weight or overweight (p = 30 kg/m(2)), the associations remained significant only in women without obesity. Among them, sleep, total steps, MVPA, and VPA were positively associated with 15D. Conclusions Higher PA levels are associated with better HRQoL among high-risk women with normal weight and overweight but no differences were found among women affected by obesity in the early years after pregnancy. Trial registration Ethics committees of Helsinki University Hospital (Dnro 300/e9/06) and South Karelian Central Hospital (Dnro 06/08).Peer reviewe

Ascending Growth is Associated with Offspring Adiposity in Pregnancies Complicated with Obesity or Gestational Diabetes

Context: Early growth is associated with childhood adiposity, but the influence of lifestyle remains unknown. Objective: This work aimed to investigate the association of growth profiles from high-risk pregnancies with adiposity at age 5 years, taking into account lifestyle and several antenatal/postnatal exposures. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 609 children born during the Finnish Gestational Diabetes Prevention Study (RADIEL), recruiting women with body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 30 and/or prior gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) (2008-2013). Altogether 332 children attended the 5-year follow-up (2014-2017). Main outcome measures included growth profiles based on ponderal index (PI = weight/height(3)), investigated using latent class mixed models. Adiposity was assessed with anthropometrics and body composition (InBody720). Results: We identified 3 growth profiles: ascending (n = 82), intermediate (n = 351), and descending (n = 149). Children with ascending growth had a higher body fat percentage, ISO-BMI, and waist circumference (P Conclusion: Accelerated early growth was associated with higher adiposity in 5-year-old children from high-risk pregnancies, even when adjusted for lifestyle. Reducing cesarean deliveries and promoting breastfeeding may be beneficial for postnatal growth.Peer reviewe