Ενεργειακή Επιθεώρηση Παλαιάς και Νέας Πτέρυγας Κτιρίου Φυσικής Πολυτεχνειούπολης Ζωγράφου

154 σ.Η εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας πρέπει να αποτελεί ακρογωνιαίο λίθο και πρώτη προτεραιότητα κάθε σύγχρονης ενεργειακής πολιτικής. Δεδομένου ότι ο κτιριακός τομέας καταναλώνει το 40% της απαιτούμενης ενέργειας σε Ευρωπαϊκό επίπεδο, η Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση εξέδωσε την οδηγία 2002/91/ΕΚ για τον έλεγχο και βελτίωση της ενεργειακής απόδοσης των κτιρίων. Η συγκεκριμένη οδηγία προβλέπει την ενεργειακή μελέτη ή επιθεώρηση των κτιρίων και των ηλεκτρομηχανολογικών εγκαταστάσεών τους από ανεξάρτητους διαπιστευμένους εμπειρογνώμονες, τους Ενεργειακούς επιθεωρητές, με απώτερο σκοπό την απόδοση ενεργειακής ταυτότητας στο κτίριο. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική διατριβή γίνεται μια προσπάθεια ανάλυσης όλου του θεσμικού πλαισίου που διέπει την διαδικασία ενεργειακής επιθεώρησης. Το πλαίσιο αυτό περιλαμβάνει την Ευρωπαϊκή Οδηγία, το νόμο 3661/08 που εξέδωσε το ελληνικό κράτος προκειμένου να συμμορφωθεί με τις διατάξεις της Ε.Ε. και τον Κανονισμό Ενεργειακής Αποδοτικότητας Κτιρίων (ΦΕΚ: Αρ. Φύλλου 407/9 Απριλίου 2010). Για την διευκόλυνση της διεξαγωγής του έλεγχου των κτιρίων δημιουργήθηκαν διάφορα υπολογιστικά προγράμματα. Η εργασία αυτή παρουσιάζει ένα από αυτά τα υπολογιστικά εργαλεία που μπορεί ένας μηχανικός να χρησιμοποιήσει για να μελετήσει την ενεργειακή συμπεριφορά ενός κτιρίου. Πρόκειται για το λογισμικό EPA-NR του Εθνικού Αστεροσκοπείου Αθηνών. Η Ελλάδα είναι μια από τις χώρες τις Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης που έχει επισήμως αποδεχτεί το παραπάνω λογισμικό για την διεξαγωγή ενεργειακής επιθεώρησης. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, εξετάζεται διεξοδικά ο τρόπος λειτουργίας και χρήσης του προγράμματος και γίνεται μια εφαρμογή στη παλαιά και νέα πτέρυγα του κτιρίου Φυσικής του Εθνικού Μετσόβιου Πολυτεχνείου Αθηνών, με στόχο την απόδοση ενεργειακής ταυτότητας στο κτίριο, αλλά και τη κατανόηση και αξιολόγηση των αποτελεσμάτων του προγράμματος και της γενικότερης χρηστικότητάς του.Saving energy is an important matter and thus should be become part and parcel of every modern energy policy. Given that the residential and tertiary sector, the major part of which is buildings, accounts for more than 40 % of final energy consumption in the Community, EU has issued the Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings (2002/91/EC). According to the Directive, Member States shall ensure that, when buildings are constructed, sold or rented out, an energy performance certificate is made available to the owner or by the owner to the prospective buyer or tenant, as the case might be. The certification of buildings should be carried out in an independent manner by qualified and/or accredited experts, whether operating as sole traders or employed by public or private enterprise bodies. . This dissertation will thesis to analyze the legal framework of the energy inspection procedures. This framework is comprised by the Directive 2002/91/EC, the Law No 3661/08 with which Greece complies with the Directive and KENAK (Ministerial Decision D6/B/5825 "Regulation on the Energy Assessment of Buildings". New Software for calculating the energy performance of buildings has been developed, in order for the energy assessment of buildings to take place. This dissertation will present one of those programmes, namely EPA-NR, which Greece uses. More specifically, this dissertation will examine in depth the way in which this software functions and being used. There will be an application of the software on the old and new wards of the National Technical University's Physics Department, in order to assess the energy performance of the building. Finally, this dissertation will try to better understand and evaluate the outcomes of the software applications.Εμμανουήλ Σ. Προεστάκη

Studies on mineral dust using airborne lidar, ground-based remote sensing, and in situ instrumentation

© 2018 The Author(s). Published by EDP Sciences. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).In August 2015, the AER-D campaign made use of the FAAM research aircraft based in Cape Verde, and targeted mineral dust. First results will be shown here. The campaign had multiple objectives: (1) lidar dust mapping for the validation of satellite and model products; (2) validation of sunphotometer remote sensing with airborne measurements; (3) coordinated measurements with the CATS lidar on the ISS; (4) radiative closure studies; and (5) the validation of a new model of dustsonde.Peer reviewe

Earth-observation-based estimation and forecasting of particulate matter impact on solar energy in Egypt

This study estimates the impact of dust aerosols on surface solar radiation and solar energy in Egypt based on Earth Observation (EO) related techniques. For this purpose, we exploited the synergy of monthly mean and daily post processed satellite remote sensing observations from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), radiative transfer model (RTM) simulations utilizing machine learning, in conjunction with 1-day forecasts from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). As cloudy conditions in this region are rare, aerosols in particular dust, are the most common sources of solar irradiance attenuation, causing performance issues in the photovoltaic (PV) and concentrated solar power (CSP) plant installations. The proposed EO-based methodology is based on the solar energy nowcasting system (SENSE) that quantifies the impact of aerosol and dust on solar energy potential by using the aerosol optical depth (AOD) in terms of climatological values and day-to-day monitoring and forecasting variability from MODIS and CAMS, respectively. The forecast accuracy was evaluated at various locations in Egypt with substantial PV and CSP capacity installed and found to be within 5–12% of that obtained from the satellite observations, highlighting the ability to use such modelling approaches for solar energy management and planning (M&P). Particulate matter resulted in attenuation by up to 64–107 kWh/m2 for global horizontal irradiance (GHI) and 192–329 kWh/m2 for direct normal irradiance (DNI) annually. This energy reduction is climatologically distributed between 0.7% and 12.9% in GHI and 2.9% to 41% in DNI with the maximum values observed in spring following the frequent dust activity of Khamaseen. Under extreme dust conditions the AOD is able to exceed 3.5 resulting in daily energy losses of more than 4 kWh/m2 for a 10 MW system. Such reductions are able to cause financial losses that exceed the daily revenue values. This work aims to show EO capabilities and techniques to be incorporated and utilized in solar energy studies and applications in sun-privileged locations with permanent aerosol sources such as Egypt

Est-ce qu'une forme presque sphérique est "LE NOUVEAU NOIR" pour la fumée?

International audienceWe present smoke lidar measurements from the Canadian fires of 2017. The advected smoke layers over Europe are detected at both tropospheric and stratospheric heights, with the latter presenting non-typical values of the Linear Particle Depolarization Ratio (LPDR) with strong wavelength dependence from the UV to the Near-IR. Specifically, the LPDR values are of the order of 22, 18 and 4% at 355, 532 and 1064 nm respectively. In an attempt to interpret these results, we apply the hypothesis that smoke particles have near-spherical and/or more complicated shapes. Scattering calculations with the T-matrix code revealed that the near-spherical shape is able to reproduce the observed LPDR and LR values of the stratospheric smoke particles at the three measurement wavelengths.Nous présentons les mesures du lidar de fumée des incendies canadiens de 2017. Les couches de fumée advectées sur l'Europe sont détectées à la fois à des hauteurs troposphériques et stratosphériques, ces dernières présentant des valeurs atypiques du rapport de dépolarisation linéaire des particules (LPDR) avec une forte dépendance de longueur d'onde de l'UV au proche IR. Plus précisément, les valeurs LPDR sont de l'ordre de 22, 18 et 4% à 355, 532 et 1064 nm respectivement. Pour tenter d'interpréter ces résultats, nous appliquons l'hypothèse que les particules de fumée ont des formes quasi sphériques et/ou plus complexes. Les calculs de diffusion avec le code de la matrice T ont révélé que la forme quasi-sphérique est capable de reproduire les valeurs LPDR et LR observées des particules de fumée stratosphériques aux trois longueurs d'onde de mesure

Quantification of the dust optical depth across spatiotemporal scales with the MIDAS global dataset (2003–2017)

Quantifying the dust optical depth (DOD) and its uncertainty across spatiotemporal scales is key to understanding and constraining the dust cycle and its interactions with the Earth System. This study quantifies the DOD along with its monthly and year-to-year variability between 2003 and 2017 at global and regional levels based on the MIDAS (ModIs Dust AeroSol) dataset, which combines Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-Aqua retrievals and Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2), reanalysis products. We also describe the annual and seasonal geographical distributions of DOD across the main dust source regions and transport pathways. MIDAS provides columnar mid-visible (550 nm) DOD at fine spatial resolution (), expanding the current observational capabilities for monitoring the highly variable spatiotemporal features of the dust burden. We obtain a global DOD of 0.032±0.003 – approximately a quarter (23.4 %±2.4 %) of the global aerosol optical depth (AOD) – with about 1 order of magnitude more DOD in the Northern Hemisphere (0.056±0.004; 31.8 %±2.7 %) than in the Southern Hemisphere (0.008±0.001; 8.2 %±1.1 %) and about 3.5 times more DOD over land (0.070±0.005) than over ocean (0.019±0.002). The Northern Hemisphere monthly DOD is highly correlated with the corresponding monthly AOD (R2=0.94) and contributes 20 % to 48 % of it, both indicating a dominant dust contribution. In contrast, the contribution of dust to the monthly AOD does not exceed 17 % in the Southern Hemisphere, although the uncertainty in this region is larger. Among the major dust sources of the planet, the maximum DODs (∼1.2) are recorded in the Bodélé Depression of the northern Lake Chad Basin, whereas moderate-to-high intensities are encountered in the Western Sahara (boreal summer), along the eastern parts of the Middle East (boreal summer) and in the Taklamakan Desert (spring). Over oceans, major long-range dust transport is observed primarily along the tropical Atlantic (intensified during boreal summer) and secondarily in the North Pacific (intensified during boreal spring). Our calculated global and regional averages and associated uncertainties are consistent with some but not all recent observation-based studies. Our work provides a simple yet flexible method to estimate consistent uncertainties across spatiotemporal scales, which will enhance the use of the MIDAS dataset in a variety of future studies.Antonis Gkikas acknowledges support by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (H.F.R.I.) under the 2nd Call for H.F.R.I. Research Projects to support Post-Doctoral Researchers (ATLANTAS, project number 544), as well as support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (grant no. 749461; DUST-GLASS). Vassilis Amiridis acknowledges support from the European Research Council (grant no. 725698; D-TECT). Eleni Marinou was funded by a DLR VO-R young investigator group and the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (grant no. 57370121). Jasper F. Kok acknowledges support from National Science Foundation (NSF) grant 1552519. Carlos Pérez García-Pando acknowledges support from the European Research Council (grant no. 773051; FRAGMENT); the AXA Research Fund; and the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (grant nos. RYC-2015-18690 and CGL2017-88911-R). The authors acknowledge support from the DustClim project as part of ERA4CS, an ERA-NET project initiated by JPI Climate and funded by FORMAS (SE), DLR (DE), BMWFW (AT), IFD (DK), MINECO (ES), and ANR (FR), with cofunding by the European Union (grant no. 690462). PRACE (Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe) and RES (Red Española de Supercomputación) are acknowledged for awarding access to the MareNostrum Supercomputer in the Barcelona Supercomputing Center. We acknowledge support of this work by the PANhellenic infrastructure for Atmospheric Composition and climatE chAnge (PANACEA) project (grant no. MIS 5021516), which is implemented under the Horizon 2020 Action of Reinforcement of the Research and Innovation Infrastructure, funded by the Operational Programme Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship, and Innovation (NSRF 2014–2020) and cofinanced by Greece and the European Union (under the European Regional Development Fund). NOA members acknowledge support from the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (SNF). The authors acknowledge support by the COST Action InDust (grant no. CA16202), supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). The authors would like to thank Andrew Mark Sayer for his valuable and constructive comments. The authors would like also to thank Thanasis Georgiou for developing the ftp server on which the MIDAS dataset is stored.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

A First Case Study of CCN Concentrations from Spaceborne Lidar Observations

We present here the first cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration profiles derived from measurements with the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) aboard the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO), for different aerosol types at a supersaturation of 0.15%. CCN concentrations, along with the corresponding uncertainties, were inferred for a nighttime CALIPSO overpass on 9 September 2011, with coincident observations with the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAe-146 research aircraft, within the framework of the Evaluation of CALIPSO’s Aerosol Classification scheme over Eastern Mediterranean (ACEMED) research campaign over Thessaloniki, Greece. The CALIPSO aerosol typing is evaluated, based on data from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) reanalysis. Backward trajectories and satellite-based fire counts are used to examine the origin of air masses on that day. Our CCN retrievals are evaluated against particle number concentration retrievals at different height levels, based on the ACEMED airborne measurements and compared against CCN-related retrievals from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors aboard Terra and Aqua product over Thessaloniki showing that it is feasible to obtain CCN concentrations from CALIPSO, with an uncertainty of a factor of two to three

An Assessment of Atmospheric and Meteorological Factors Regulating Red Sea Phytoplankton Growth

This study considers the various factors that regulate nutrients supply in the Red Sea. Multi-sensor observation and reanalysis datasets are used to examine the relationships among dust deposition, sea surface temperature (SST), and wind speed, as they may contribute to anomalous phytoplankton blooms, through time-series and correlation analyses. A positive correlation was found at 0–3 months lag between chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) anomalies and dust anomalies over the Red Sea regions. Dust deposition process was further examined with dust aerosols’ vertical distribution using satellite lidar data. Conversely, a negative correlation was found at 0–3 months lag between SST anomalies and Chl-a that was particularly strong in the southern Red Sea during summertime. The negative relationship between SST and phytoplankton is also evident in the continuously low levels of Chl-a during 2015 to 2016, which were the warmest years in the region on record. The overall positive correlation between wind speed and Chl-a relate to the nutritious water supply from the Gulf of Aden to the southern Red Sea and the vertical mixing encountered in the northern part. Ocean Color Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI) dataset experience some temporal inconsistencies due to the inclusion of different datasets. We addressed those issues in our analysis with a valid interpretation of these complex relationships

Assimilating spaceborne lidar dust extinction can improve dust forecasts

Atmospheric mineral dust has a rich tri-dimensional spatial and temporal structure that is poorly constrained in forecasts and analyses when only column-integrated aerosol optical depth (AOD) is assimilated. At present, this is the case of most operational global aerosol assimilation products. Aerosol vertical distributions obtained from spaceborne lidars can be assimilated in aerosol models, but questions about the extent of their benefit upon analyses and forecasts along with their consistency with AOD assimilation remain unresolved. Our study thoroughly explores the added value of assimilating spaceborne vertical dust profiles, with and without the joint assimilation of dust optical depth (DOD). We also discuss the consistency in the assimilation of both sources of information and analyse the role of the smaller footprint of the spaceborne lidar profiles in the results. To that end, we have performed data assimilation experiments using dedicated dust observations for a period of 2 months over northern Africa, the Middle East, and Europe. We assimilate DOD derived from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on board Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (SUOMI-NPP) Deep Blue and for the first time Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarisation (CALIOP)-based LIdar climatology of Vertical Aerosol Structure for space-based lidar simulation studies (LIVAS) pure-dust extinction coefficient profiles on an aerosol model. The evaluation is performed against independent ground-based DOD derived from AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) Sun photometers and ground-based lidar dust extinction profiles from the Cyprus Clouds Aerosol and Rain Experiment (CyCARE) and PREparatory: does dust TriboElectrification affect our ClimaTe (Pre-TECT) field campaigns. Jointly assimilating LIVAS and Deep Blue data reduces the root mean square error (RMSE) in the DOD by 39 % and in the dust extinction coefficient by 65 % compared to a control simulation that excludes assimilation. We show that the assimilation of dust extinction coefficient profiles provides a strong added value to the analyses and forecasts. When only Deep Blue data are assimilated, the RMSE in the DOD is reduced further, by 42 %. However, when only LIVAS data are assimilated, the RMSE in the dust extinction coefficient decreases by 72 %, the largest improvement across experiments. We also show that the assimilation of dust extinction profiles yields better skill scores than the assimilation of DOD under an equivalent sensor footprint. Our results demonstrate the strong potential of future lidar space missions to improve desert dust forecasts, particularly if they foresee a depolarization lidar channel to allow discrimination of desert dust from other aerosol types.This work received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Marie Skłodowska-Curie (grant no. 754433)), the European Research Council (FRAGMENT (grant no. 773051)), and the AXA Research Fund. We were also supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICINN), as part of the BROWNING project RTI2018-099894-B-I00 and NUTRIENT project CGL2017-88911-R, along with PRACE and RES for awarding access to Marenostrum4 based in Spain at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center through the eFRAGMENT2 and AECT2020-1-0007 projects. Martina Klose received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Marie Skłodowska-Curie (grant no. 789630)). Martina Klose was also supported by the Helmholtz Association’s Initiative and Networking Fund (grant no. VH-NG-1533). Vassilis Amiridis and Eleni Marinou were supported by ERC Consolidator Grant 2016 D-TECT: “Does dust TriboElectrification affect our ClimaTe?” (grant no. 725698). Eleni Marinou was supported by a DLR VO-R young investigator group and the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (grant no. 57370121). Emmanouil Proestakis was supported by the project PANhellenic infrastructure for Atmospheric Composition and climatE change (grant no. MIS5021516), which is implemented under the Action Reinforcement of the Research and Innovation Infrastructure, funded by the Operational Programme “Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation” (grant no. NSRF2014–2020) and co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund). This research was supported by the German–Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development (GIF, grant no. I1262-401.10/2014), the European Union’s Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, Horizon 2020 (ACTRIS-2, grant no. 654109), and the former European Commission Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007–2013 (ACTRIS (grant no. 262254) and BACCHUS (grant no. 603445)).Peer ReviewedObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al ClimaObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima::13.3 - Millorar l’educació, la conscienciació i la capacitat humana i institucional en relació amb la mitigació del canvi climàtic, l’adaptació a aquest, la reducció dels efectes i l’alerta primerencaPostprint (published version

Nine-year spatial and temporal evolution of desert dust aerosols over South and East Asia as revealed by CALIOP

We present a 3-D climatology of the desert dust distribution over South and East Asia derived using CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) data. To distinguish desert dust from total aerosol load we apply a methodology developed in the framework of EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network). The method involves the use of the particle linear depolarization ratio and updated lidar ratio values suitable for Asian dust, applied to multiyear CALIPSO observations (January 2007-December 2015). The resulting dust product provides information on the horizontal and vertical distribution of dust aerosols over South and East Asia along with the seasonal transition of dust transport pathways. Persistent high D_AOD (dust aerosol optical depth) values at 532 nm, of the order of 0.6, are present over the arid and semi-arid desert regions. Dust aerosol transport (range, height and intensity) is subject to high seasonality, with the highest values observed during spring for northern China (Taklimakan and Gobi deserts) and during summer over the Indian subcontinent (Thar Desert). Additionally, we decompose the CALIPSO AOD (aerosol optical depth) into dust and non-dust aerosol components to reveal the non-dust AOD over the highly industrialized and densely populated regions of South and East Asia, where the non-dust aerosols yield AOD values of the order of 0.5. Furthermore, the CALIPSO-based short-term AOD and D_AOD time series and trends between January 2007 and December 2015 are calculated over South and East Asia and over selected subregions. Positive trends are observed over northwest and east China and the Indian subcontinent, whereas over southeast China trends are mostly negative. The calculated AOD trends agree well with the trends derived from Aqua MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer), although significant differences are observed over specific regions.Peer reviewe