Sangre y sexo en el cine de terror español

En un contexto sociopolítico donde nada escapaba a los ojos del censor, se desarrolló un tipo de cine que hoy en día sorprende por su crudeza sanguinolenta, así como por sus excesos sexuales. El desdén de la censura por el cine de terror español producido en las décadas de los sesenta y setenta permitió que se convirtiera en el espacio idóneo donde los espectadores de laépoca encontraron la válvula de escape a la represión a la que estaban sometidos. La muerte del general Francisco Franco y el aperturismo provocaron que las ansiedades eróticas de un buennúmero de espectadores se centraran en otro tipo de cine. Sin embargo, ese corto pero intenso periodo de tiempo, caracterizado por una altísima producción de género terrorífico, ha legado imágenes con una gran carga erótica, sexual y violenta, muy desconocidas, que merecen ser rescatadas. Para ello, haremos un repaso histórico por el género en España para, finalmente, centrarnos en el análisis de cuatro filmes representativos de los setenta.Abstract:A rawness and crudity cinema was developed in Spain, in a socio-political context where everything was always subject to censorship, through the sixties and seventies. Still today, thisbloody and erotic cinema may cause surprise to the audience. Censorship showed a scornful attitude to this cinema, and spectators considered it as a release-valve, due to the repressionthey were suffered. This fact permitted an intense production of this kind of movies in a really short time. The death of Francisco Franco and the brand new openness caused that all this audiencefocused their attention in another kind of cinema. Nevertheless, that brief but extremely intense period allowed us to enjoy those erotical and violent images, that today remains almost unknown,and, withouth a doubt, it deserves to be rescued. For that, we will make a skim though this genre in Spain and, eventually, we will analyze four emblematic films of the seventies

An optimization tool to design the field of a solar power tower plant allowing heliostats of different sizes

The design of a Solar Power Tower plant involves the optimization of the heliostat field layout. Fields are usually designed to have all heliostats of identical size. Although the use of a single heliostat size has been questioned in the literature, there are no tools to design fields with heliostats of several sizes at the same time. In this paper, the problem of optimizing the heliostat field layout of a system with heliostats of different sizes is addressed. We present an optimization tool to design solar plants allowing two heliostat sizes. The methodology is illustrated with a particular example considering different heliostat costs.Ministerio de Economía y CompetitividadJunta de AndalucíaGobierno VascoUnión Europe

Optimization of multiple receivers solar power tower systems

In this article a new procedure to optimize the design of a Multiple Receivers Solar Power Tower system is presented. The proposed procedure allows to optimize the different receivers (height, aperture tilt angle, azimuth angle and aperture size) as well as the heliostat field layout, seeking to minimize the levelized cost of thermal energy. The optimization problem is high dimensional, with a black-box nonconvex objective function that is hard to compute. Our method is based on an alternating greedy-based heuristic method, already used by the authors to design a system with a single receiver, which simultaneously optimizes the receivers and the heliostat field. The proposed procedure allows one to determine the overall number of heliostats, their locations and the aiming region of each field.Abengoa Solar New TechnologiesInstituto de Matemáticas de la Universidad de SevillaMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónMinisterio de Economía y CompetitividadJunta de AndalucíaEuropean Unio

A heuristic method for simultaneous tower and pattern-free field optimization on solar power systems

A heuristic method for optimizing a solar power tower system is proposed, in which both heliostat field (heliostat locations and number) and the tower (tower height and receiver size) are simultaneously considered. Maximizing the thermal energy collected per unit cost leads to a difficult optimization problem due to its characteristics: it has a nonconvex black-box objective function with computationally expensive evaluation and nonconvex constraints. The proposed method sequentially optimizes the field layout for a given tower configuration and then, the tower design is optimized for the previously obtained field layout. A greedy-based heuristic algorithm is presented to address the heliostat location problem. This algorithm follows a pattern-free method. The only constraints to be considered are: the field region and the nonconvex constraints (which allow heliostats to not collide). The absence of a geometrical pattern to design the field and the simultaneous optimization of the field and the tower designs make this approach different from the existing ones. Our method is compared against other proposals in the literature of heliostat field optimization.Abengoa Solar New TechnologiesInstituto de Matemáticas (Universidad de Sevilla)Ministerio de Economía y CompetitividadJunta de AndalucíaEuropean Cooperation in Science and Technolog

Acute effects of a single tennis match on passive shoulder rotation range of motion, isometric strength and serve speed in professional tennis players

Shoulder pain has been associated with glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) and a reduction in external rotation (ER) strength; however, in tennis players, there is scarce evi- dence regarding the impact of a single match on shoulder range of motion (ROM), strength and serve speed. The aim of this study was to determine the acute effect of a single tennis match on shoulder rotation ROM, isometric strength and serve speed. Twenty-six profes- sional tennis players participated in the study (20.4±4.4 years; 10.5±3.2 years tennis exper- tise; 20.5±5.4 h/week training). Passive shoulder external (ER-ROM) and internal rotation ROM (IR-ROM), ER and IR isometric strength were measured before and after a single ten- nis match (80.3±21.3 min) in both shoulder´s. Moreover, the total arc of motion (TAM) and ER/IR strength ratio were calculated. Video analysis was used to assess the number of serves and groundstrokes, while a radar gun was utilized to measure maximal ball speed. In the dominant shoulder, compared to pre-match levels, IR-ROM was significantly reduced (-1.3%; p = 0.042), while ER-ROM (5.3%; p = 0.037) and TAM (3.1%; p = 0.050) were signif- icantly increased. In the non-dominant shoulder, ER-ROM (3.7%; p = 0.006) was increased. Furthermore, in the dominant shoulder, the isometric ER strength was significantly reduced after the match (-4.8%; p = 0.012), whereas serve speed was not significantly reduced after match (-1.16%; p = 0.197). A single tennis match leads to significant reductions in shoulder ROM (e.g., IR of the dominant shoulder) and isometric strength (e.g., ER of the dominant shoulder). This study reveals the importance of recovery strategies prescription aiming at minimize post-match alteration in the shoulders.SIThe authors would like to express their gratitude to the tennis players for their participation.The authors received no specific funding for this work

Helios 3198 solar simulator adaptation for the characterization of LCPV prototypes

This paper covers the adaptation and experimental verification that has been carried out to the Helios 3198 solar simulator to use it in the characterization of a LCPV prototype. The challenge is to deal with the diffuse light that can distort the measurement of a LCPV prototype because of the larger acceptance angle. A deflector chamber for the flash lamp has been designed and implemented to capture this diffuse light. The experimental verification has proven the reliability of the solution, demonstrating that the inclusion of this element in the equipment is not modifying the spatial uniformity and the angular distribution of the light at the receiver plane. Therefore, this work demonstrates that the Helios 3198 solar simulator, including a deflector chamber for the lamp, can be used for the characterization of a LCPV prototype

The acute effect of match-play on hip range of motion and isometric strength in elite tennis players

Background: Groin injuries are some of the most common injuries tennis players suffer. Several factors (e.g., post-match decrease in hip adductor (ADD) strength) have been proposed as possible mechanisms for increasing the incidence of this type of injury. However, the risk factors of developing groin injuries after a tennis match have not yet been delineated. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of tennis match-play on isometric ADD and abductor (ABD) strength and passive hip range of motion (ROM). Methods: Twenty-six male tennis players (20.30 ± 4.98 years) took part in this study. Participants completed an evaluation of strength and flexibility hip measurements before and after a simulated tennis match. Dominant and non-dominant passive hip ROM, ADD and ABD isometric strength, and the ADD/ABD strength ratio were measured before and immediately post-match. A global positioning system (GPS) and a session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were used to assess the locomotive demands and internal match load. Results: Isometric dominant ADD strength (17.8%, p ≤ 0.01) and ADD/ABD strength ratio (11.6%, p = 0.04) were lower post-match compared to the pre-match values. No between-limbs differences were observed for isometric ADD strength, ABD strength, and passive hip ROM tests. RPE showed an expected increase between pre- vs. post-match (pre- vs. post-warming-up, 3.42 ± 2.08 vs. 5.62 ± 2.29, p < 0.01). In addition, a significant relationship between ADD strength and the volume of tennis practice per week was found, stablishing that tennis players with lower volume of training per week suffered a reduction in ADD strength in their dominant limb after match-play (r = 0.420, p = 0.04). Conclusion: The assessment of ADD strength and the ADD/ABD strength ratio in the dominant limb may be considered a post-match tool that can be used to identify players who require rest and additional recovery strategies before competing again.SIThe authors received no funding for this work

Balanced plankton net community metabolism in the oligotrophic North Atlantic subtropical gyre from Lagrangian observations

Characterization of the microbial plankton metabolism in oligotrophic oceans is of relevance for the quantification of the global carbon balance; however whether the plankton community metabolism in oligotrophic gyres is net autotrophic or heterotrophic is still under debate. Discrepancies have been in part attributed to the difficulties of the standard snapshot estimations, based on in vitro measurements, to adequately represent the temporal scale of trophic processes. This work presents concurrent measurements of gross primary production and community respiration carried out in the North Atlantic Oligotrophic Gyre throughout two 7-day Lagrangian experiments that allowed us to investigate the effect of short term (daily) variability on the microbial metabolism quantification. Physicochemical and biological variables showed a low variability in each Lagrangian experiment and a balanced net plankton metabolism was found in 83% of the sampling days.Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia | Ref. REN2003-09532-C03-0

Importance of N2 fixation vs. nitrate diffusion along a latitudinal transect in the Atlantic Ocean

We present ocean, basin-scale simultaneous measurements of N2-fixation, nitrate diffusion, and primary production along a south–north transect in the Atlantic Ocean crossing three biogeographic provinces: the south subtropical Atlantic (SSA; , 31uS–12uS), the equatorial Atlantic (EA; , 12uS–16uN), and the north subtropical Atlantic (NSA, , 16uN–9uN) in April–May 2008. N2-fixation and primary production were measured as 15N2 and 14C uptake, respectively. Dissipation rates of turbulent kinetic energy (e) were measured with a microstructure profiler. The vertical input of nitrate through eddy diffusion was calculated from the product of diffusivity, derived from e, and the gradient of nanomolar nitrate concentration across the base of the euphotic zone. The mean N2-fixation rate in EA was 56 6 49 mmol N m22 d21, whereas SSA and NSA had much lower values (, 10 mmol N m22 d21). Because of the large spatial variability in nitrate diffusion (34 6 50, 405 6 888, and 844 6 1258 mmol N m22 d21 in SSA, EA, and NSA, respectively), the contribution of N2-fixation to new production in the SSA, EA, and NSA was 44% 6 30%, 22% 6 19%, and 2% 6 2%, respectively. The differences between SSA and NSA in the contribution of N2 fixation were partly due to the contrasting seasonal forcing in each hemisphere, which likely affected both N2 fixation rates and vertical nitrate diffusion. The variability in the nitrogen budget of the Atlantic subtropical gyres was unexpectedly high and largely uncoupled from relatively constant phytoplankton standing stocks and primary production rates.CTM2004-05174-C02 CTM2007-28295-E/MAR Programa I. Parga-Ponda