Comparison of α, β and total ODAP (β-N-oxalyl-L-ά,β- diamino propionic acid) contents in winter- and springsown grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) genotypes

There is a strong relationship between the consumption of grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) and “lathyrism” disease caused by a neurotoxin, β-N-oxalyl-L-a,β-diaminopropionoc acid called ODAP or BOAA. The objective of this study was to compare α, β and total ODAP found in grasspea genotypes sown in winter and spring seasons during 2007/08 and grown under rainy conditions in semi-arid regions of Turkey. Biochemical compounds of α, β and total ODAP were found to be higher in springsown grass peas than those of winter-sown ones. Grasspea 452, 508 and 519 genotypes had lower β- ODAP levels in winter- and spring-sown.Key words: Grasspea, α-ODAP, β-ODAP: 3-(-N-oxalyl)-L-2,3-diamino propionic acid

Einfluss medikamentöser Wurzelkanaleinlagen auf die Dichtigkeit der provisorischen Deckfüllung aus Cavit®

In der vorliegenden Studie wurde der Effekt häufig in der Endodontie verwendeter medikamentöser Zwischeneinlagen auf die Wandständigkeit der temporären Verschlussmasse Cavit®-W untersucht. Hierzu wurden 80 Molaren verwendet, bei denen eine Präparation einer standardisierten Zugangskavität der Größe 3,5mm x 4mm erfolgte. Danach erfolgte eine zufällige Zuteilung von jeweils 20 Zähnen in vier Versuchsgruppen. Der Kavitätenboden der Kontrollgruppe (Gruppe IV) wurde mit Calxyl® abgedeckt, anschließend wurde die Kavität, soweit mit einem Calxyl® getränktem Wattepellet aufgefüllt, bis die Kavitätenresttiefe 4 bis 4,5 mm betrug, bevor der Verschluss der Trepanationsöffnung mit Cavit®-W erfolgte. Der Kavitätenboden der Gruppe I-III wurde mit jeweils dem der Gruppe zugeordneten Medikament bedeckt. Nachfolgend erfolgte zusätzlich die Bedeckung einer Kavitätenwand mit entsprechenden Medikament. Analog der Kontrollgruppe wurde bei allen Proben bis zu einer Kavitätenresttiefe von 4 bis 4,5 mm die Zugangskavität mit den entsprechenden medikamentengetränkten Wattepellets aufgefüllt bevor der Verschluss der Kavität mit der provisorischen Verschlussmasse Cavit® erfolgte. Die Proben wurden durch 150 Zyklen in Thermowechsellastgerät zwischen 5°C und 55°C gealtert. Die Zähne wurden einem Farbstoffpenetrationstest unterzogen. Um das Eindringen des Farbstoffes an der Grenzfläche mit Lichtmakroskop zu erfassen wurden von den Proben Längsschnitte angefertigt. Bei den Vergleich der Eindringtiefe zwischen mit medikamentöser Wurzelkanaleinlage verschmutzten Kavitätenwand und medikamentenfreien Kavitätenwand innerhalb der einzelnen Gruppen fiel auf, dass an medikamentös verschmutzten Wänden mit Calxyl® aber auch Ledermix® tendenziell höhere Penetrationsstrecken ermittelt worden sind. ChKM hingegen bewirkte keine Verschlechterung der Randqualität. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse lassen die Schlussfolgerung zu, dass Verunreinigungen der Kavitätenwände durch medikamentöse Einlagen insbesondere durch Calxyl® aber auch durch Ledermix® das Abdichtungsverhalten von Cavit® beeinträchtigen

Isolation of oleuropein from olive leaf by effective method and investigation of its antimicrobial properties

215-223Natural products play an important role in the production and development of food and medicine. In olive tree cultivation and olive processing industry, vast amounts of by-products are yielded. Olive leaves constitute the major by-product of olive industry. Olive leaf is potential source of phenolic compounds. Plant polyphenols have attracted great interest due to their antimicrobial activities. It was aimed to isolate the oleuropein compound from olive leaf and to identify its antimicrobial effects in this research. In the first stage, methanol extract was obtained from the olive leaf. After then, ethyl acetate extract (including oleuropein with 93.5% purity) procured from methanol extract. Ethyl acetate extract was subjected to chromatographic technique to obtain oleuropein in high purity (97.6%). The structure of oleuropein was determined by spectroscopic method including 1H and 13C NMR besides comparing isolated oleuropein with the standard commercially obtained. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extract, ethyl acetate extract and oleuropein was investigated on Bacillus subtilis, Candida tropicalis, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Proteus vulgaris, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Salmonella enteritidis microorganisms by 96-well microtiter plate method. It was determined that MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) values of olive leaf products ranged between 1:1 (50 mg/mL) and 1:8 (6.25 mg/mL) for tested microorganisms

Antioxidant Properties of the Edible Basidiomycete Armillaria mellea in Submerged Cultures

Antioxidant components, ascorbic acid, total flavonoids and total phenols are produced effectively by Armillaria mellea submerged cultures. Dried mycelia and mycelia-free broths obtained by A. mellea submerged cultures are extracted with methanol and hot water and investigated for antioxidant properties. Methanolic extracts from dried mycelia (MEM) and mycelia-free broth (MEB) and hot water extracts from dried mycelia (HWEM) by A. mellea submerged cultures show good antioxidant properties as evidenced by low EC50 values (<10 mg/mL). Total flavonoid is mainly found in hot water extracts; however, total phenol is rich in methanol and hot water extracts from mycelia. Ascorbic acid and total phenol contents are well correlated with the reducing power and the scavenging effect on superoxide anions. Total flavonoid content is dependent on the antioxidant activity and the chelating effect on ferrous ions. Total antioxidant component contents are closely related to the antioxidant activity and the scavenging superoxide anion ability. Results confirm that extracts with good antioxidant properties from fermenting products by A. mellea are potential good substitutes for synthetic antioxidants and can be applied to antioxidant-related functional food and pharmaceutical industries

A comparative study of chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. from Portugal and Serbia

A comparative study on chemical composition (nutritional value, primary and secondary metabolites), antioxidant properties (scavenging activity, reducing power and inhibition of lipid peroxidation), and antimicrobial activity (antibacterial and demelanizing properties) of two samples of Morchella esculenta (morel) from different countries (Portugal and Serbia) was performed. This species was chosen for being one of the most highly prized edible mushrooms in the world. Both samples are rich in carbohydrates (including free sugars) and proteins, and contain several bioactive compounds such as organic acids, phenolic compounds and tocopherols. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were the most abundant compounds followed by mono or saturated fatty acids. Sample from Portugal (SP) gave higher radical scavenging activity and reducing power, while sample from Serbia (SS) showed higher lipid peroxidation inhibition. Both samples gave antibacterial activity against five bacteria (in some cases even better than standard antibiotics) and demelanizing activity against four micromycetes, showing SS higher activities. As far as we know, this is the first study reporting chemical compounds and bioactivity of morel samples from Portugal and Serbia. Furthermore, a novel method for evaluation of demelanizing activity was presented.The authors are grateful to Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) and COMPETE/QREN/EU (research project PTDC/AGR-ALI/110062/2009; bilateral cooperation action Portugal/Serbia 2011; strategic projects PEst-OE/AGR/UI0690/2011 and PEst-C/QUI/UI0686/2011), and to Serbian Ministry of Education and Science (grant number 173032) for financial support. S.A. Heleno (BD/70304/2010) and L. Barros (BPD/4609/2008) also thank FCT, POPH-QREN and FSE

Discrete distributions connected with the bivariate binomial

A new class of multivariate discrete distributions with binomial and multinomial marginals is studied. This class of distributions is obtained in a natural manner using probabilistic properties of the sampling model considered. Some possible applications in game theory, life testing and exceedance models for order statistics are discussed

Fatty acid composition and antioxidant capacity of Myrtus (Myrtus communis L.)

In this study, the antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts of Myrtus communis L (EEMC) of fruit, seed, and peel were investigated by different antioxidant methods including free radical scavenging activities of DPPH and ABTS radicals, and ferric reducing power. Antioxidant activity results of EEMC were studied by spectrophotometer and results were compared with BHA, BHT and Trolox as the positive control. Besides tests total phenolic compound amounts were determined in the studied parts of Myrtus. In addition, the fatty acid composition of seed and peel were also determined by gas chromatography equipped flame ionisation detector (GC-FID). The scavenging effects of EEMC parts and standards on DPPH radical at 40 μg/mL concentration decreased in the order of Trolox>Seed>BHA>BHT>Fruit>Peel and were designated as 87.77, 83.77, 82.94, 63.60, 15.36 and 8.79%. DPPH free radical scavenging activities of seed EEMC at 40 μg/mL concentration were found higher than other parts (peel and fruit) and BHA, BHT. The scavenging effects of EEMC parts and standards on ABTS cation radical at 10 μg/mL concentration decreased in the order of Trolox=BHA>Seed>BHT>Peel>Fruit and were found as 92.7, 92.7, 92.6, 92.4, 78.3 and 71.7%. However, the values were not statistically significant. Reducing power activity of EEMC parts and standards were in the following order: BHT >BHA>Seed>Trolox>Fruit>Peel. Total phenolic compound amount were found for peel, fruit and seed as 8.66 mgGAE/g extract, 37.74 mgGAE/g extract, 251.93 mgGAE/g extract, respectively. Fatty acid composition for peel and seed samples were found as 13.5, 15.8, 61.1 and 9.79, 10.38, 75.5% for oleic acid, palmitic acid and linoleic acids, respectively. In conclusion, the fruit, seed, and peel ethanol extracts of Myrtus (Myrtus communis L.) exhibit high antioxidant activity and are composed of high amounts of phenolic compounds. Therefore, these products easily can be used as natural antioxidant sources for human health and may be preferred instead of synthetic antioxidants in public health or the food industry. The highest amounts of fatty acids in peels and seeds were linoleic acid and the lowest was also γ-linolenic acid and α-linolenic acid in both parts