Soil erosion and its control in Chile - An overview

La erosión puede deberse a causas naturales, erosión geológica o acelerada. Esta última se induce con la actividad antrópica y los agentes primarios agua y viento, es la forma de degradación más severa del suelo. La degradación del suelo precede a la erosión acelerada, como la compactación, disminución del contenido de materia orgánica, perdida de la estructura de suelo, pobre drenaje interno y problemas asociados a la acidificación del suelo. La erosión puede ser controlada conservando la cobertura protectora vegetal, con la creación de barreras contra los agentes erosivos y modificaciones en el paisaje que permiten controlar el monto y la tasa de escorrentía superficial. Las rotaciones culturales bien planificadas aumentan la calidad del suelo y reducen la erosión. Para lograr un control efectivo sobre la erosión, es necesario mejorar la calidad de la estructura mediante manejos culturales que incluyen cultivos mejorados y con retornos de materia orgánica en forma de residuos de cosecha y guanos, y prácticas de laboreo que no dañan a la estructura. Una labranza conservadora del suelo mejora su calidad al incrementar los niveles en materia orgánica, mejorando la estructura, aireación e infiltración. Las siembras y labores del suelo que se realizan en curva de nivel también reducen la perdida del suelo.Accelerate erosion in Chile is a consequence from land use that degrade soil such as compaction, loss of organic matter and soil structure. The erosion is favored by the very hilly landscape of the country that increases erosivity index and the high erodibility given by an elevated annual rate of rainfall with irr egular distribution . Several experiences have demonstrated that adequate crop management and crop rotations can minimize erosion. The most effective control is achieved conserving and improving soil structure with management systems that include regular use of soil- improving crops, return of crop residues and tillage practices, thus avoiding unnecessary breakdown soil or compacted soil structure. Conservation tillage increased organic matter levels improving stabile soil structure, aeration and infiltration

Measurement of Deformation in Varying Stress Fields

Welding is one of the most widely used joining techniques for manufacturing complex engineering components. However, due to transient temperature cycles in the adjacent materials being joined, the local microstructure is altered and plastic strain in the surrounding materials is introduced resulting in a variation of mechanical properties across the weldment. When an extracted cross-weld test specimen is subjected to an external uniaxial load, there is interaction between the various constituents of the weld (such as the weld fused zone, heat affected zone and parent metal) resulting in development of constraint in the weaker material due to the adjacent stronger material. This affects the distribution of stress along and within the test specimen. The level of constraint developed is dependent on the strength mismatch between adjacent materials which may be graded across the heat affected zone and the specimen cross-sectional geometry. With development of digital image correlation (DIC) and its application to measuring deformation of solids, it has become feasible to measure local stress-strain properties of cross-weld samples and also specimens of variable geometry at both room and high temperature. Local deformation measured by DIC is correlated with nominal stress based on an iso-stress assumption, where it is assumed that the various regions of the weld are arranged in series and that the stress is uniform over the cross-section area at any given location in the specimen. Thus, local mechanical properties are inferred by mapping the measured local strain against the global stress. In this context the effect of constraint is important because it introduces a local stress distribution that will differ from the global net section stress and can therefore introduce errors in determination of local stress-strain properties. The influence of these factors raises questions concerning the interpretation of apparent local mechanical properties of cross-welds measured using DIC. Specifically, there is uncertainty as to whether the measured variation in local strain versus average cross-sectional stress (average global stress) represents the local mechanical properties of the material with negligible error. The severity of potential constraint errors will be influenced by the specimen geometry (particularly the tensile specimen thickness to width ratio for 2D DIC strain measurements) and the gradient of material property inhomogeneity along the specimen gauge length. In the current study, measurement of deformation in varying stress fields using DIC was carried out. Two distinct methods of introducing varying stress fields were employed: in the first case, the stress field was varied by designing an hour-glass shaped specimen with the specimen width varying as a function of the gauge length. In the second case, stress fields were varied due to a change in the specimen thickness in mismatched dissimilar metal joints. To reduce the complexity in the developed stress fields in the region near the interface, two materials were joined using solid state diffusion bonding giving a step change in the material properties across a planar interface. Test specimens spanning the interface were studied by finite element modelling and experimental tests with DIC deformation monitoring. Using DIC and a single hour-glass shaped specimen, multiple creep curves at different stress levels along the specimen gauge length have been successfully extracted for a test temperature of 525oC. The creep data obtained at 525oC from the hour-glass specimen test have been fitted to RCC-MR, Garofalo and Graham-Walles creep deformation models. A better correlation is achieved between the experimental data and the RCC-MR model predicted values when the local deformations from the single specimen are plotted as a function of time and true stress at the end of the specimen’s initial loading. From both elastic-plastic FE models and experimental local stress-strain curves extracted from DIC measurements, it can be concluded that a thin (1mm thick or less) 6mm wide test specimen should be used to extract the local mechanical properties from tensile specimens that have varying material properties along the gauge length, such as found in cross-weld test specimens. This is because the thinner specimen reduces the size of the strain concentration region adjacent to the interface where errors in measured local mechanical properties can occur. As a ‘rule of thumb’, the intrinsic stress-strain properties of the material should not be inferred from regions within 1mm of the interface for these 1mm thick samples because of concentration errors. The results obtained demonstrate the capability of DIC as a measurement technique for characterising the local deformation of specimens with varying stress fields. The findings also highlight some aspects of the technique which need to be considered when interpreting data from DIC measurements of local deformation from specimens with varying stress fields

Fluorescent ligand for human progesterone receptor imaging in live cells.

We employed molecular modeling to design and then synthesize fluorescent ligands for the human progesterone receptor. Boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) or tetramethylrhodamine were conjugated to the progesterone receptor antagonist RU486 (Mifepristone) through an extended hydrophilic linker. The fluorescent ligands demonstrated comparable bioactivity to the parent antagonist in live cells and triggered nuclear translocation of the receptor in a specific manner. The BODIPY labeled ligand was applied to investigate the dependency of progesterone receptor nuclear translocation on partner proteins and to show that functional heat shock protein 90 but not immunophilin FKBP52 activity is essential. A tissue distribution study indicated that the fluorescent ligand preferentially accumulates in tissues that express high levels of the receptor in vivo. The design and properties of the BODIPY-labeled RU486 make it a potential candidate for in vivo imaging of PR by positron emission tomography through incorporation of (18)F into the BODIPY core

Evaluasi Dampak Penyuluhan Pertanian pada Kegiatan Pekarangan Pangan Lestari di Kota Dumai

Penyuluhan dilaksanakan dalam kegiatan Pekarangan Pangan Lestari (P2L) sebagai sumber pangan keluarga yang dilakukan melalui pemanfaatan lahan pekarangan, lahan tidur dan lahan kosong tidak produktif oleh kelompok masyarakat secara bersama-sama. Upaya ini dilaksanakan secara berkelanjutan untuk meningkatkan ketersediaan, aksesibilitas, pemanfaatan, dan pendapatan. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan November 2020, bertujuan mengevaluasi dampak pelaksanaan penyuluhan pertanian terhadap kegiatan P2L di Kecamatan Dumai Selatan sebagai lokasi pelaksanaan P2L di Kota Dumai. Sampel kelompok dipilih secara sengaja (purposive sampling) yakni kelompok pelaksana aktif kegiatan P2L. Sampel petani dipilih secara acak sebanyak 30 orang. Data diambil dengan kuesioner, dianalisis secara deskriptif menggunakan Skala Likert. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa responden menilai lima (5) indikator evaluasi:1)Perubahan pengetahuan anggota kelompok mengenai pemanfaatan pekarangan, demplot kelompok dan kebun bibit 2)Perubahan sikap anggota kelompok mengenai pemanfaatan pekarangan, demplot kelompok dan kebun bibit, 3)Demplot kelompok dan kebun bibit, 4)Manfaat yang dirasakan dengan adanya kegiatan pemanfaatan pekarangan, demplot kelompok dan kebun bibit, 5) pemanfaatan pekarangan, demplot kelompok dan kebun bibit kesemuanya menunjukkan hasil baik dengan rentang nilai 22- 28 skala likert, sehingga dapat disimpulkan pelaksanaan penyuluhan kegiatan P2L di Kota Dumai dilaksanakan dengan baik. Selain itu cabe rawit merupakan jenis tanaman yang paling disukai untuk dibudidayakan

Evaluasi Dampak Penyuluhan Pertanian pada Kegiatan Pekarangan Pangan Lestari di Kota Dumai

Penyuluhan dilaksanakan dalam kegiatan Pekarangan Pangan Lestari (P2L) sebagai sumber pangan keluarga yang dilakukan melalui pemanfaatan lahan pekarangan, lahan tidur dan lahan kosong tidak produktif oleh kelompok masyarakat secara bersama-sama. Upaya ini dilaksanakan secara berkelanjutan untuk meningkatkan ketersediaan, aksesibilitas, pemanfaatan, dan pendapatan. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan November 2020, bertujuan mengevaluasi dampak pelaksanaan penyuluhan pertanian terhadap kegiatan P2L di Kecamatan Dumai Selatan sebagai lokasi pelaksanaan P2L di Kota Dumai. Sampel kelompok dipilih secara sengaja (purposive sampling) yakni kelompok pelaksana aktif kegiatan P2L. Sampel petani dipilih secara acak sebanyak 30 orang. Data diambil dengan kuesioner, dianalisis secara deskriptif menggunakan Skala Likert. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa responden menilai lima (5) indikator evaluasi:1)Perubahan pengetahuan anggota kelompok mengenai pemanfaatan pekarangan, demplot kelompok dan kebun bibit 2)Perubahan sikap anggota kelompok mengenai pemanfaatan pekarangan, demplot kelompok dan kebun bibit, 3)Demplot kelompok dan kebun bibit, 4)Manfaat yang dirasakan dengan adanya kegiatan pemanfaatan pekarangan, demplot kelompok dan kebun bibit, 5) pemanfaatan pekarangan, demplot kelompok dan kebun bibit kesemuanya menunjukkan hasil baik dengan rentang nilai 22- 28 skala likert, sehingga dapat disimpulkan pelaksanaan penyuluhan kegiatan P2L di Kota Dumai dilaksanakan dengan baik. Selain itu cabe rawit merupakan jenis tanaman yang paling disukai untuk dibudidayakan

EVALUATING AN ACTIVE SHOOTER CURRICULUM FOR INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING

The increased incidents of school shootings at Institutions of Higher Learning (IHLs) in the United States have become a great concern for school administrators and law enforcement officials. This literature review presents a) lessons learned from preparing IHLs for an active shooter event, b) alternative measures to support IHLs in managing an active shooter event, c) alternative active shooter training for IHLs. An examination of the literature review provides the definition of what is considered an “active shooter incident” and provides evidence for the increased occurrences of active shooter events at IHLs. Lessons learned from active shooter incidents are discussed, and various security alternatives to mitigating and responding to an active shooter crisis are investigated. The evidence presented in this research makes it clear that IHLs can no longer depend solely on outside agencies to protect them from active shooter incidents. In fact, IHL employees will respond before law enforcement arrives. Though a great deal has been written about the experiences of first responders and IHL employees in active shooter incidents, much remains to concern us. First, agencies and IHLs differ considerably, and their differences contribute to confusion at the scene. Secondly, individuals at IHLs and responders are not clear about their roles and interactions. In fact, being together at a scene does not guarantee teamwork leading to an effective response. Thirdly, educators and responders who do not train together cannot partner effectively in a crisis. Without a shared training program to prepare properly for an active shooter attack, IHLs remain at serious risk. The increase in attacks alone should alert IHLs to the necessity of preparing and training staff personnel for an active shooter encounter. However, there is still no standardized joint training for responders and IHL faculty and staff in the United States. Institutions of Higher Learning need to support the law enforcement community in providing a standardized curriculum to protect the campus environment and its interest. This review, by examining active shooter events and training in detail, could inform such training. For this reason, this study explores various methods that IHLs can use to prepare, mitigate, and respond to an armed intruder on a college campus

Kadar Glukosa Darah Pada Pasien Covid-19 Lanjut Usia

COVID-19 (Coronaviruses Disease 2019) is a disease caused by a new type of corona virus, namely Sars-CoV-2, was first reported in Wuhan, China on December 31 2019. The death rate in elderly patients continues to increase, accounting for 21.9% . COVID-19 risk assessments show that assessing blood glucose levels has the potential to better identify people at risk of adverse outcomes. Blood sugar levels are affected by a number of factors, including gender and age. At this point, elderly patients experience many physical and mental changes, especially the decline in individual functions and abilities in general. This study aims to describe the results of examining blood glucose levels in elderly COVID-19 patients at Brawijaya Hospital, Surabaya. This type of research is descriptive research with secondary data from the laboratory using total sampling technique. The sample in this study were 65 elderly patients who tested positive for COVID-19 who had blood glucose checked at the clinical pathology laboratory in the September- December 2020 period at Brawijaya Hospital, Surabaya. Variables are then grouped and then tabulated and displayed descriptively in percentage form. The results of this study were obtained from 65 elderly COVID-19 patients who had normal fasting blood glucose levels (<100 mg/dl) which was 6.15%, while those who had abnormal glucose levels (>100 mg/dl) were 93.85%. . These results indicate that the majority of elderly COVID-19 patients have abnormal blood glucose level

The quality of Haemoglobin examination results with variations in incubation time using the Cyanmethemoglobin method

Anaemia is a condition where blood red blood levels or haemoglobin is lower than normal values. More than 50% of cases of anaemia are spread throughout the world. One of checks to diagnose anaemia is examination of haemoglobin levels. Examination of haemoglobin levels can be determined by several methods, namely the Sahli’s method, the Cyanmethemoglobin method manually and by automatic method. Examination of haemoglobin levels with a of more than 5 minutes incubation time leads to inaccurate results. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of incubation time on the results of haemoglobin level examination of the Cyanmethemoglobin method. This type of research is experimental research to determine the effect of the incubation time on the results of haemoglobin level examination of the Cyanmethemoglobin method. The population in this research is outpatients with a diagnosis of kidney failure at Gatoel Hospital, Mojokerto, in March 2019. The number of examination samples is 9 samples which is carried out at the Gatoel Hospital Laboratory, Mojokerto. The results of this research show that the average haemoglobin incubation rate of 5 minutes is 7,52 g/dl, incubation of 20 minutes is 7,18 g / dl, and incubation of 30 minutes is 7,04 g / dl. The conclusion of this research is that there is no effect on the delay in incubation time on the results of the haemoglobin level examination of the Cyanmethemoglobin method

The quality of Haemoglobin examination results with variations in incubation time using the Cyanmethemoglobin method

Anaemia is a condition where blood red blood levels or haemoglobin is lower than normal values. More than 50% of cases of anaemia are spread throughout the world. One of checks to diagnose anaemia is examination of haemoglobin levels. Examination of haemoglobin levels can be determined by several methods, namely the Sahli’s method, the Cyanmethemoglobin method manually and by automatic method. Examination of haemoglobin levels with a of more than 5 minutes incubation time leads to inaccurate results. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of incubation time on the results of haemoglobin level examination of the Cyanmethemoglobin method. This type of research is experimental research to determine the effect of the incubation time on the results of haemoglobin level examination of the Cyanmethemoglobin method. The population in this research is outpatients with a diagnosis of kidney failure at Gatoel Hospital, Mojokerto, in March 2019. The number of examination samples is 9 samples which is carried out at the Gatoel Hospital Laboratory, Mojokerto. The results of this research show that the average haemoglobin incubation rate of 5 minutes is 7,52 g/dl, incubation of 20 minutes is 7,18 g / dl, and incubation of 30 minutes is 7,04 g / dl. The conclusion of this research is that there is no effect on the delay in incubation time on the results of the haemoglobin level examination of the Cyanmethemoglobin method

Perbedaan Hasil Pemeriksaan Kadar Glukosa Darah 2 Jam PP Dengan Menggunakan Glukometer Dan Analyzer Pada Penderita Diabetes Melitus

 ABSTRACT Examination of blood glucose levels 2 hours pp is required to diagnose diabetes mellitus. Currently many clinical laboratories, hospitals and clinics are still modest usually use tool for the examination of blood glucose levels is by glucometer that emit relatively fast results. In contrast to the large hospital and clinical laboratories that have been developed have used the analyzer tool as an advanced tool that can check more parameters clinical examination which will get accurate results. To the authors want to prove whether there are differences in the results of blood glucose levels 2 hours pp using glucometer and analyzer. This research is experimental. The population in this study were patients with diabetes mellitus in hospital Throughout Siti Khadija. The samples used were serum and whole blood from the blood vena.Variabel free is the way 2-hour blood glucose tests using a glucometer and analyzer pp and the dependent variable is the blood glucose levels 2 hours pp. While the operational definition, examination of blood glucose 2 hours pp by using 2 kinds of tools, namely glucometer and analyzer. Methods of data collection of 20 samples taken from patients with DM in Hospital Khodijah Throughout Siti. To know the results used paired t test. The results showed that there were significant differences between the glucometer and glucose analyzer examination 2 hours pp based on the results of paired t test with sig value greater than 0.05 and the average levels of the glucometer 207.65 mg / dl and analyzer 193.85 mg / dl. Key word: glucose, glucometer, analyzer