Scavenging capacity of carotenoids and extract from mana-cubiu against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species

Orientador: Adriana Zerlotti MercadanteTexto em português e InglêsTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de AlimentosResumo: Neste trabalho foi avaliada a capacidade antioxidante de carotenoides em sistema homogêneo e em lipossomas, de carotenoides microencapsulados e de extratos de maná-cubiu (Solanum sessiflorum) frente às espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e espécies reativas de nitrogênio (RNS) de importância biológica. Devido à insolubilidade de carotenoides em solução tampão, utilizada como meio de reação no conhecido método oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), foi desenvolvido também um novo método para determinar a capacidade de carotenoides de desativarem o radical peroxila (ROO). Em geral, as microcápsulas de goma arábica e de maltodextrina (20 DE) contendo compostos antioxidantes (trolox, -tocoferol, ß-caroteno, apo-8¿-carotenal e apo-12¿-carotenal) foram capazes de desativar as ROS e RNS, sendo a eficiência de desativação influenciada pelo material de parede, pela espécie reativa (ROO, peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), radical hidroxila (HO), ácido hipocloroso (HOCl) e ânion peroxinitrito (ONOO-) e pela estrutura do composto antioxidante. Interessantemente, as microcápsulas vazias também foram capazes de desativar as ROS e RNS, sendo as de goma arábica mais eficazes que as de maltodextrina. A incorporação de apo-8¿-carotenal promoveu o maior aumento na capacidade das microcápsulas de desativarem ROS e RNS, variando de 50% a 132% e de 39% a 85% para goma arábica e maltodextrina, respectivamente. Este fato sugere que o apo-8¿-carotenal apresenta o melhor balanço entre a sua localização no interior das microcápsulas e a reatividade frente às espécies reativas. A localização também foi um fator importante na eficiência dos carotenoides desativarem ROS e RNS em lipossomas. Neste sistema, os carotenoides com grupos hidroxila foram geralmente mais potentes na desativação do ROO, HO e HOCl que carotenos, com destaque para a astaxantina, enquanto o ß-caroteno foi mais eficiente na desativação do ONOO-. Para o estudo dos carotenoides em sistema homogêneo foi desenvolvido e validado com sucesso um novo método para avaliação da capacidade de carotenoides de desativarem o ROO, o qual é baseado na perda de fluorescência da sonda ácido 4,4-difluoro-5-(4-fenil-1,3-butadienil)-4-bora-3a,4a-diazo-s-indaceno-3-undecanoico (C11-BODIPY581/591) devido à oxidação pelo ROO, que é gerado pela termodecomposição do azobisisobutironitrila (AIBN). A aplicação deste novo método permitiu o estudo da relação entre a estrutura química de diferentes carotenoides e a capacidade de desativar o ROO. Foi demonstrado que neste sistema os carotenoides são potentes desativadores desta espécie reativa, sendo a eficiência influenciada principalmente pela abertura do anel -ionona e pela extensão do cromóforo. O licopeno foi o mais potente desativador de ROO (8,67 0,74), porém não tão eficiente quanto os carotenoides do maná-cubiu (9,80 0,80). Os compostos bioativos de maná-cubiu foram determinados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada aos detectores de arranjo de diodos e espectrômetro de massas (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). Esta fruta apresentou -caroteno (7,15 g/g) e luteína (2,41 g/g) como carotenoides majoritários. Por fim, o extrato fenólico de maná-cubiu, contendo o ácido 5-cafeoilquínico (1298 g/g) como composto fenólico principal, apresentou grande eficiência em desativar o H2O2 (IC50 = 305 17 g/mL) e o HOCl (IC50 = 13 0,8 g/mL). Os resultados do presente estudo mostram que os carotenoides foram capazes de desativar todas as ROS e RNS de relevância biológica avaliadas neste trabalho, sendo a eficiência de desativação influenciada pela concentração e estrutura química do carotenoide, pelo nível de organização do sistema (homogêneo ou multifásico) e pelo tipo de espécie reativaAbstract: In the present study, the antioxidant capacity of carotenoids in homogeneous system and in liposomes, of microencapsulated carotenoids and of extracts from mana-cubiu (Solanum sessiflorum) were evaluated against reactive oxygen (ROS) and reactive nitrogen (RNS) species of biological relevance. Due to the insolubility of carotenoids in aqueous buffers, which is used as reaction medium in the well known oxygen radical absorbance capacity method (ORAC), a novel method was also developed to determine the peroxyl radicals (ROO) scavenging capacity of carotenoids. In general, the gum arabic and maltodextrin (20 DE) microcapsules containing antioxidant compounds (trolox, -tocopherol, ß-carotene, apo-8¿-carotenal and apo-12¿-carotenal) were capable to scavenge ROS and RNS. The scavenging efficiency of the microcapsules was influenced by the wall material, the reactive species (ROO, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (HO), hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-) and the structure of the antioxidant compound. Interestingly, the empty microcapsules were also able to scavenge the ROS and RNS, being the gum arabic microcapsules more efficient than the maltodextrin ones. The incorporation of apo-8¿-carotenal resulted in the largest increase in the microcapsules scavenging capacity, varying from 50% to 132% and from 39% to 85% in the gum Arabic and maltodextrin microcapsules, respectively. These findings suggest that the apo-8¿-carotenal presented the best balance between its location in the microcapsules interior and the reactivity against the reactive species. The location was also an important factor influencing the efficiency of carotenoids to scavenge ROS and RNS in liposomes. In this system, the carotenoids with hydroxyl groups were usually more potent ROO, HO and HOCl scavengers than the carotenes, especially astaxanthin, whilst ß-carotene was the most efficient ONOO- scavenger. To study the carotenoids in homogeneous system, a new ROO scavenging assay, based on the loss of fluorescence of the probe 4,4-difluoro-5-(4-phenyl-1,3-butadienyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-undecanoic acid (C11-BODIPY581/591) due to its oxidation induced by ROO generated by the thermo decomposition of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), was successfully developed and validated. This new method allowed the establishment of the relationship between the structure of different carotenoids and their ROO scavenging capacity. In this system, carotenoids showed to be potent scavengers of this reactive species, and their scavenging capacity was influenced mainly by the opening of the -ionone ring and by the chromophore extension. Lycopene was the most potent ROO scavenger (8.67 0.74); however, it was not so efficient as the carotenoids from mana-cubiu (9.80 0.80). The bioactive compounds of mana-cubiu were determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array and mass spectrometry detectors (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). The major carotenoids of this fruit were -carotene (7.15 g/g) and lutein (2.41 g/g). Finally, the main phenolic compound found in the phenolic extract from mana-cubiu was 5-caffeoylquinic acid (1298 g/g), which showed to be a good H2O2 (IC50 = 305 17 g/mL) and HOCl (IC50 = 13 0.8 g/mL) scavenger. The results of this thesis showed that the carotenoids are able to scavenge all the evaluated ROS and RNS of biological relevance and that their efficiency depends on the carotenoid structure and concentration, level of organization of the reaction medium (homogeneous or multiphase) and type of reactive speciesDoutoradoCiência de AlimentosDoutor em Ciência de Alimento

Atividade antioxidante in vitro e perfil fenólico de cultivares de Mirtilo (Vaccinium sp.) produzidas no Brasil

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência dos Alimentos

A DITADURA MILITAR E A EDUCAÇÃO PARA ADULTOS: A EXPERIÊNCIA DO MOBRAL, (MOVIMENTO BRASILEIRO DE ALFABETIZAÇÃO DE ADULTOS) NO INTERIOR BAIANO (1970 - 1980)

O presente trabalho tem por finalidade apresentar as reflexões e resultados obtidos através a partir de leituras, análise de fontes e discussões sobre o programa Mobral (Movimento Brasileiro de Alfabetização de adultos), realizadas no trabalho de conclusão de curso. Assim, esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de analisar o Mobral enquanto um programa de alfabetização de adultos, percebendo a sua atuação e reflexos na sociedade da época. Nessa perspectiva, esse trabalho apresenta a seguintes questões: o que foi o Mobral, e como foi construída a sua teia de influência na sociedade do período? Nesse aspecto, este estudo pretendeu compreender o processo de concepção e implantação no período, identificar como era pensada e aplicada as aulas do programa. • Identificar em decretos do poder executivo e legislativo do período, matérias publicadas nos meios de impressa do período e bibliografia que aborde a temática, de quais eram as medidas e como era pensada e educação de adultos; • Identificar nas matérias de ensino produzido pelo Mobral, abordando a concepção de educação e o método ali empregados para o ensino; • Analisar as entrevistas com ex-alunos ex-professores do programa, materiais didáticos, e matérias publicadas nos meios de imprensa do período para entender o funcionamento de uma sala de aula do Mobral. Para este trabalho fora necessário trabalhar com documentação das seguintes regiões; Guanambi, Caetité, Caculé, Rio de Contas, Salvador. As documentações levantadas nestas cidades incluíam: Atas, material didático, relatórios, jornais, acervo digital da revista Veja e entrevistas horais com ex-professores e ex-alunos do programa. Primeiramente eu trabalho na análise e discussão das políticas do governo militar para a área da educação de adultos, com enfoque nas ações para implementação e consolidação do Mobral. Em seguida, abordo o que estava sendo veiculado na mídia acerca do Mobral, analiso os possíveis discursos para compreender semelhanças com o material didático fornecido pelo programa. Por fim busco identificar como o programa atuava, em especial na sala de aula. Como se processava o método de ensino, além de tentar identificar se a aplicação do método em sala de aula estava em consonância com o que a equipe do Mobral central orientava. Com o decorrer da pesquisa foi possível identificar que o Mobral, foi um projeto que não poupou esforços para atingir seus objetivos, e há referências que complementam que fora necessário medidas coercitivas elaboradas em estatutos, códigos de postura e articulações com instituições privadas para manterem o poder e ditar as regras. Nesta perspectiva as políticas de ensino foram direcionadas para uma manutenção da condição social do aluno e benefício de empresas. Percebe-se também que material didático, matérias dos meios de comunicação enfatizavam a importância da formação tecnicista implementada pelo Mobral para o desenvolvimento do Brasil. Concluo que o Mobral foi um programa de massas que não cumpriu o papel de uma alfabetização, sendo usado apenas para a perpetuação de uma situação pré-existente

GERENCIAMENTO DA INFORMAÇÃO CONTÁBIL ATRAVÉS DAS PROVISÕES TÉCNICAS CONSTITUÍDAS POR SOCIEDADES SEGURADORAS

The main objective of this research is to investigate the accounting information management through the technical provisions constituted by insurance companies as a response to the economic and tax regulations of the Brazilian insurance market. The accounts of the technical provisions enable discretionary accounting choices, and the uncertainty around its estimative provide significant opportunities for the accounting information management, aiming at achieving two purposes: i) the improvement of the solvency parameters and ii) the reduction of tax payments. The specific accruals approach was applied on a sample of 360 observations from 60 insurance companies and a time series of 6 years (2001-2006). Regarding the evidences from the empiric research, the hypotheses established were confirmed, that is, the directors of the insurance companies influence the technical provisions downwards if the parameters for solvency and taxes are lower, but on the other hand, they influence the technical provisions upwards if the values of the parameters for solvency and taxes are higher. However, in order to achieve more robust results from the empiric research, the use of estimate error of the technical provisions is suggested as the dependent variable for the econometric models adopted. This is still not possible in Brazil because the ruling entity of this sector does not make the necessary information for this analysis available, differently from the procedures adopted by the North American insurance market.O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é investigar o gerenciamento da informação contábil através das provisões técnicas constituídas por sociedades seguradoras como resposta à regulação econômica e tributária. As contas de provisões técnicas possibilitam escolhas contábeis discricionárias e a incerteza que cerca sua estimação fornece significativas oportunidades para o gerenciamento da informação contábil, visando atingir dois propósitos: i) melhorar parâmetros de solvência e ii) reduzir pagamentos dos impostos. Foi empregada a abordagem de accruals específicos sobre uma amostra composta por 360 observações, oriundas de 60 companhias seguradoras e uma série temporal de 6 anos (2001-2006). No que diz respeito às evidências da pesquisa empírica, confirmaram-se as hipóteses estabelecidas, isto é, os diretores das sociedades seguradoras influenciam para baixo as provisões técnicas se os valores dos parâmetros de solvência e dos impostos são menores, mas, por outro lado, influenciam para cima as provisões técnicas se os valores dos parâmetros de solvência e dos impostos são maiores. Entretanto, para dar maior robustez aos resultados da pesquisa empírica, sugere-se o uso do erro de estimação das provisões técnicas como variável dependente dos modelos econométricos empregados. Isso ainda não é possível no Brasil, pois o órgão regulador do setor não disponibiliza as informações necessárias para calcular essa variável, diferentemente do procedimento adotado no mercado norte-americano de seguros

Qualidade nutricional do perfil lipídico da carne de lampreia-marinha (Petromyzon marinus, L.) utilizada em consumo humano

Existindo uma forte tradição no nosso país de consumo de lampreia-marinha em muitas populações ribeirinhas, o objetivo geral deste estudo consistiu em determinar a qualidade nutricional do perfil lipídico da carne de lampreia-marinha de forma a avaliar se o seu consumo poderia ser considerado uma prática saudável na dieta dos portugueses. Foram capturados 30 animais durante o início da época de migração reprodutora, provenientes das bacias hidrográficas dos rios Guadiana e Mondego, para efeitos de caracterização química e nutricional do músculo. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a carne de lampreia-marinha apresenta qualidade nutricional em termos de perfil lipídico. Todavia, o consumo desta espécie pode revelar-se uma prática menos saudável para os apreciadores, na medida em que estes consomem lampreia-marinha com uma frequência elevada durante os dois a três meses em que é permitida a sua captura em território nacional; Nutritional quality of the lipid profile of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus L.) meat used for human consumption Abstract: There is a strong tradition in our country for the consumption of sea lamprey in many riverside populations. The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional quality of the lipid profile of sea lamprey meat, in order to determine if its comsumption could be considered a healthy practice in the Portuguese diet. For the chemical and nutritional characterization of sea lamprey muscle, 30 animals were captured during early spawning migration season from Guadiana and Mondego river basins. The results suggest that the meat of sea lamprey presents a good nutritional quality in terms of lipid profile. However, the use of this species for consumption may represent a less healthy practice in the health of the consumers, insofar as the frequency of comsumption during the two to three months period in which the captures were allowed in Portugal is very high

Migration to middle-income countries and tuberculosis-global policies for global economies.

International migration to middle-income countries is increasing and its health consequences, in particular increasing transmission rates of tuberculosis (TB), deserve consideration. Migration and TB are a matter of concern in high-income countries and targeted screening of migrants for active and latent TB infection is a main strategy to manage risk and minimize transmission. In this paper, we discuss some aspects of TB control and migration in the context of middle-income countries, together with the prospect of responding with equitable and comprehensive policies. TB rates in middle-income countries remain disproportionally high among the poorest and most vulnerable groups in large cities where most migrant populations are concentrated. Policies that tackle migrant TB in high-income countries may be inadequate for middle-income countries because of their different socio-economic and cultural scenarios. Strategies to control TB in these settings must take into account the characteristics of middle-income countries and the complexity of TB as a disease of poverty. Intersectoral policies of social protection such as cash-transfer programs help reducing poverty and improving health in vulnerable populations. We address the development of new approaches to improve well-established strategies including contact tracing and active and latent TB screening as an 'add on' to the existing health care guidelines of conditional cash transfer programs. In addition, we discuss how it might improve health and welfare among both poor migrants and locally-born populations. Authorities from middle-income countries should recognise that migrants are a vulnerable social group and promote cooperation efforts between sending and receiving countries for mitigation of poverty and prevention of disease in this group. Middle-income countries have long sent migrants overseas. However, the influx of large migrant populations into their societies is relatively new and a growing phenomenon and it is time to set comprehensive goals to improve health among these communities. Conditional cash transfer policies with TB screening and strengthening of DOTS are some strategies that deserve attention. Reduction of social and health inequality among migrants should be incorporated into concerted actions to meet TB control targets

Development of a novel micro-assay for evaluation of peroxyl radical scavenger capacity: Application to carotenoids and structure–activity relationship

AbstractA micro-assay was developed and validated, using a microplate reader in 96-well format, C11–BODIPY581/591 as fluorescent probe and AIBN as ROO generator. The structure–activity relationship was established for 15 carotenoid standards, indicating that the opening of the β-ionone ring and the increase of chromophore extension in the carotenoid structure were the major factors leading to the increase of ROO scavenging capacity. The values for ROO scavenging capacity were calculated using α-tocopherol as reference compound. Among the studied carotenoids, all-trans-lycopene was the most efficient ROO scavenger (8.67±0.74) followed by all-trans-astaxanthin (6.50±0.62). All the carotenoids showed to be more effective ROO scavengers than α-tocopherol and some hydrophilic compounds. Finally, the method was successfully applied to assay the ROO scavenging capacity of carotenoid extracts from two Amazonian fruits, peach palm (7.83±0.21) and mamey (6.90±0.44)

Estimating the impact of tuberculosis anatomical classification on treatment outcomes: A patient and surveillance perspective analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis anatomical classification is inconsistent in the literature, which limits current tuberculosis knowledge and control. We aimed to evaluate whether tuberculosis classification impacts on treatment outcomes at patient and aggregate level. METHODS: We analyzed adults from São Paulo State, Brazil with newly diagnosed tuberculosis from 2010-2013. We used an extended clinical classification of tuberculosis, categorizing cases as pulmonary, pulmonary and extrapulmonary, extrapulmonary and miliary/disseminated. Our primary outcome was unsuccessful outcome of treatment. To investigate the reported treatment outcome at the aggregate level, we sampled 500 different "countries" from the dataset and compared the impact of pulmonary and extrapulmonary classifications on the reported treatment success. RESULTS: Of 62,178 patients, 49,999 (80.4%) were pulmonary, 9,026 (14.5%) extrapulmonary, 1,651 (2.7%) pulmonary-extrapulmonary and 1,502 (2.4%) miliary/disseminated. Pulmonary-extrapulmonary cases had similar unsuccessful outcome of treatment compared with pulmonary (adjusted-OR 1.00, 95%CI, 0.88-1.13, p = 0.941), while extrapulmonary were associated with better (adjusted-OR 0.65, 95%CI, 0.60-0.71, p<0.001) and miliary/disseminated with worse outcomes (adjusted-OR 1.51, 95%CI, 1.33-1.71, p<0.001). We found that 60 (12%) countries would report a difference ≥10% in treatment success depending on whether they reported all clinical forms together (current WHO recommendation) or pulmonary forms alone, overestimating the treatment success of pulmonary forms. CONCLUSIONS: The expanded anatomical classification of tuberculosis was strongly associated with treatment outcomes at the patient level. Remarkably, pulmonary with concomitant extrapulmonary forms had similar treatment outcomes compared with pulmonary forms after adjustment for potential confounders. At the aggregate level, reporting treatment success for all clinical forms together might hide differences in progress between pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis control

The impact of being homeless on the unsuccessful outcome of treatment of pulmonary TB in São Paulo State, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem requiring complex treatment, the success of which depends on biological, social, and institutional factors. São Paulo State (SPS), in Brazil, has a high TB burden. Because of high socioeconomic heterogeneity and chaotic urbanisation, homelessness might play an important role in the TB burden in SPS. Our aim was to determine the association between homelessness and outcome of treatment of pulmonary TB (PTB) in SPS. METHODS: A historical cohort from the routine SPS TB database for 2009-2013 was analysed. The study population was newly diagnosed adult patients with PTB. Homelessness was ascertained at notification or when treatment started. Our outcome was unsuccessful outcome of treatment. We used logistic regression to adjust for potential confounders and multiple imputation for missing data. RESULTS: We analysed 61,817 patients; 1726 (2.8 %, 95%CI 2.7-2.9 %) were homeless. Homeless patients were concentrated in bigger cities, were more frequently middle-aged males, had black/brown skin colour, and had received less education (P < 0.001, for all). Alcohol and drug use was three times more frequent in homeless patients (43.2 % vs 14.4 %, 30.2 % vs. 9.4 %, P < 0.001, respectively). HIV testing was less common among the homeless, of whom 17.3 % were HIV positive compared with 8.5 % among the not homeless population (P < 0.001). Microbiologic confirmation was more frequent among the homeless (91.6 % vs. 84.8 %, P < 0.001). Unsuccessful outcome of treatment was 57.3 % among the homeless and 17.5 % among the not homeless (OR = 6.32, 95%CI 5.73-6.97, P < 0.001), mainly due to loss to follow-up (39 %) and death (10.5 %). After full-adjustment for potential confounders, homelessness remained strongly associated with lower treatment success (aOR = 4.96, 95 % CI 4.27-5.76, P < 0.001). HIV status interacted with homelessness: among HIV-infected patients, the aOR was 2.45 (95%CI 1.90-3.16, Pinteraction < 0.001). The population attributable fraction for the joint effect of homelessness, alcohol and drug use was almost 20 %. CONCLUSIONS: Confirming our hypothesis, homelessness led to a marked reduction in the successful treatment of newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis. Homelessness and associated conditions were important contributors to lack of treatment success in pulmonary tuberculosis in São Paulo. A multifaceted intervention must be implemented to target this vulnerable population

Migration to middle-income countries and tuberculosis-global policies for global economies.

BACKGROUND: International migration to middle-income countries is increasing and its health consequences, in particular increasing transmission rates of tuberculosis (TB), deserve consideration. Migration and TB are a matter of concern in high-income countries and targeted screening of migrants for active and latent TB infection is a main strategy to manage risk and minimize transmission. In this paper, we discuss some aspects of TB control and migration in the context of middle-income countries, together with the prospect of responding with equitable and comprehensive policies. MAIN BODY: TB rates in middle-income countries remain disproportionally high among the poorest and most vulnerable groups in large cities where most migrant populations are concentrated. Policies that tackle migrant TB in high-income countries may be inadequate for middle-income countries because of their different socio-economic and cultural scenarios. Strategies to control TB in these settings must take into account the characteristics of middle-income countries and the complexity of TB as a disease of poverty. Intersectoral policies of social protection such as cash-transfer programs help reducing poverty and improving health in vulnerable populations. We address the development of new approaches to improve well-established strategies including contact tracing and active and latent TB screening as an 'add on' to the existing health care guidelines of conditional cash transfer programs. In addition, we discuss how it might improve health and welfare among both poor migrants and locally-born populations. Authorities from middle-income countries should recognise that migrants are a vulnerable social group and promote cooperation efforts between sending and receiving countries for mitigation of poverty and prevention of disease in this group. CONCLUSIONS: Middle-income countries have long sent migrants overseas. However, the influx of large migrant populations into their societies is relatively new and a growing phenomenon and it is time to set comprehensive goals to improve health among these communities. Conditional cash transfer policies with TB screening and strengthening of DOTS are some strategies that deserve attention. Reduction of social and health inequality among migrants should be incorporated into concerted actions to meet TB control targets