Remarkable fly (Diptera) diversity in a patch of Costa Rican cloud forest : Why inventory is a vital science

Study of all flies (Diptera) collected for one year from a four-hectare (150 x 266 meter) patch of cloud forest at 1,600 meters above sea level at Zurqui de Moravia, San Jose Province, Costa Rica (hereafter referred to as Zurqui), revealed an astounding 4,332 species. This amounts to more than half the number of named species of flies for all of Central America. Specimens were collected with two Malaise traps running continuously and with a wide array of supplementary collecting methods for three days of each month. All morphospecies from all 73 families recorded were fully curated by technicians before submission to an international team of 59 taxonomic experts for identification. Overall, a Malaise trap on the forest edge captured 1,988 species or 51% of all collected dipteran taxa (other than of Phoridae, subsampled only from this and one other Malaise trap). A Malaise trap in the forest sampled 906 species. Of other sampling methods, the combination of four other Malaise traps and an intercept trap, aerial/hand collecting, 10 emergence traps, and four CDC light traps added the greatest number of species to our inventory. This complement of sampling methods was an effective combination for retrieving substantial numbers of species of Diptera. Comparison of select sampling methods (considering 3,487 species of non-phorid Diptera) provided further details regarding how many species were sampled by various methods. Comparison of species numbers from each of two permanent Malaise traps from Zurqui with those of single Malaise traps at each of Tapanti and Las Alturas, 40 and 180 km distant from Zurqui respectively, suggested significant species turnover. Comparison of the greater number of species collected in all traps from Zurqui did not markedly change the degree of similarity between the three sites, although the actual number of species shared did increase. Comparisons of the total number of named and unnamed species of Diptera from four hectares at Zurqui is equivalent to 51% of all flies named from Central America, greater than all the named fly fauna of Colombia, equivalent to 14% of named Neotropical species and equal to about 2.7% of all named Diptera worldwide. Clearly the number of species of Diptera in tropical regions has been severely underestimated and the actual number may surpass the number of species of Coleoptera. Various published extrapolations from limited data to estimate total numbers of species of larger taxonomic categories (e.g., Hexapoda, Arthropoda, Eukaryota, etc.) are highly questionable, and certainly will remain uncertain until we have more exhaustive surveys of all and diverse taxa (like Diptera) from multiple tropical sites. Morphological characterization of species in inventories provides identifications placed in the context of taxonomy, phylogeny, form, and ecology. DNA barcoding species is a valuable tool to estimate species numbers but used alone fails to provide a broader context for the species identified.Peer reviewe

Comprehensive inventory of true flies (Diptera) at a tropical site

Estimations of tropical insect diversity generally suffer from lack of known groups or faunas against which extrapolations can be made, and have seriously underestimated the diversity of some taxa. Here we report the intensive inventory of a four-hectare tropical cloud forest in Costa Rica for one year, which yielded 4332 species of Diptera, providing the first verifiable basis for diversity of a major group of insects at a single site in the tropics. In total 73 families were present, all of which were studied to the species level, providing potentially complete coverage of all families of the order likely to be present at the site. Even so, extrapolations based on our data indicate that with further sampling, the actual total for the site could be closer to 8000 species. Efforts to completely sample a site, although resource-intensive and time-consuming, are needed to better ground estimations of world biodiversity based on limited sampling

Fauna Europaea: Diptera -Brachycera

Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Pape, T., Beuk, P., Pont, A. C., Shatalkin, A. I., Ozerov, A. L., Woźnica, A. J., ... de Jong, Y. (2015). Fauna Europaea: 3, [e4187]. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e4187 General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. Abstract Fauna Europaea provides a public web-service with an index of scientific names (including important synonyms) of all extant multicellular European terrestrial and freshwater animals and their geographical distribution at the level of countries and major islands (east of the Urals and excluding the Caucasus region). The Fauna Europaea project comprises about 230,000 taxonomic names, including 130,000 accepted species and 14,000 accepted subspecies, which is much more than the originally projected number of 100,000 species. Fauna Europaea represents a huge effort by more than 400 contributing taxonomic specialists throughout Europe and is a unique (standard) reference suitable for many user communities in science, government, industry, nature conservation and education. The Diptera-Brachycera is one of the 58 Fauna Europaea major taxonomic groups, and data have been compiled by a network of 55 specialists. Within the two-winged insects (Diptera), the Brachycera constitute a monophyletic group, which is generally given rank of suborder. The Brachycera may be classified into the probably paraphyletic 'lower brachyceran grade' and the monophyletic Eremoneura. The latter contains the Empidoidea, the Apystomyioidea with a single Nearctic species, and the Cyclorrhapha, which in turn is divided into the paraphyletic 'aschizan grade' and the monophyletic Schizophora. The latter is traditionally divided into the paraphyletic 'acalyptrate grade' and the monophyletic Calyptratae. Our knowledge of the European fauna of Diptera-Brachycera varies tremendously among families, from the reasonably well known hoverflies (Syrphidae) to the extremely poorly known scuttle flies (Phoridae). There has been a steady growth in our knowledge of European Diptera for the last two centuries, with no apparent slow down, but there is a shift towards a larger fraction of the new species being found among the families of the nematoceran grade (lower Diptera), which due to a larger number of small-sized species may be considered as taxonomically more challenging. Most of Europe is highly industrialised and has a high human population density, and the more fertile habitats are extensively cultivated. This has undoubtedly increased the extinction risk for numerous species of brachyceran flies, yet with the recent re-discovery of Thyreophora cynophila (Panzer), there are no known cases of extinction at a European level. However, few national Red Lists have extensive information on Diptera. For the Diptera-Brachycera, data from 96 families containing 11,751 species are included in this paper

Modelling human choices: MADeM and decision‑making

Research supported by FAPESP 2015/50122-0 and DFG-GRTK 1740/2. RP and AR are also part of the Research, Innovation and Dissemination Center for Neuromathematics FAPESP grant (2013/07699-0). RP is supported by a FAPESP scholarship (2013/25667-8). ACR is partially supported by a CNPq fellowship (grant 306251/2014-0)

Revision of Aciuroides Hendel and Neoacanthoneura Hendel (Diptera: Ulidiidae: Pterocallini)

Kameneva, Elena P. (2012): Revision of Aciuroides Hendel and Neoacanthoneura Hendel (Diptera: Ulidiidae: Pterocallini). Zootaxa 3227: 1-33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.28030

Ulidiinae Macquart 1835

Subfamily Ulidiinae Macquart 1835Published as part of <i>Elena P. Kameneva & Valery A. Kroneyev, 2016, Revision of the Genus Physiphora Fallén 1810 (Diptera: Ulidiidae: Ulidiinae), pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4087 (1)</i> on page 5, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4087.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/399511">http://zenodo.org/record/399511</a&gt

Physiphora polita Kameneva & Kroneyev, 2016, sp. n.

<i>Physiphora polita</i> sp. n. <p>Figures 300–312.</p> <p> <b>Material</b>. <b>Type</b>. Holotype ♂: <b>Gambia</b>: Bakau, at tropic bungalow, swept in meadow rich in flowers at the beach, 6–18.xi.1977, (Cederholm, Danielsson, Hammerstedt, Heqvist & Samuelsson) (ZMLU). Paratypes: 1♂: <b>Central African Republic</b>: “Coll. Mus. Tervuren / Rep. Centrafricaine: Bambari / III.1966 / G.Pierrard” (MRAC); <b>Congo (Zaïre)</b>: 27♂, 30♀: “Musee du Congo / Eala [0°40′ N 18°17′ E] / VIII—1935 / J. Ghesquiere”; 1♀: “Congo-belge, Eala”, 22-viii-1935 / J. Ghesquiere” (MRAC); 9♂, 10♀: “Musee du Congo / Eala / IX—1935 / J. Ghesquiere” (MRAC; SIZK); <b>Côte-d’Ivoire</b>: 2♂, 1♀: “Museum Paris / Côte-d’Ivoire, Lamto / 1–7[10]71 / Leg. D. Lachaise”, “c t M’Bra”; 2♂:“Lamto (Tumodi) Côte-d’Ivoire / 5.v. [19] 66” (Vuattoux); 1♂: “Côte-d’Ivoire, Lamto / 10.iv.1968 / Mic Boulard Rec”, “foret galerie du bandama” (MHNP); <b>Kenya</b>: 1♂: “Afr. or. Angl. (WA—TAITA) / Bura / Alluaud & Jeannel, / Mars 1912 / 1050 RD St. 61”, “Coll. Hendel” (NHMW). <b>Nigeria</b>: 3♀: “N. Nigeria / Zaria, Samaru / 17.IV.1986 / Deeming” (USNM).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis</b>. <i>P</i>. <i>polita</i> sp. n. belongs in the group of species differing by entirely brown or black fore basitarsomere together with <i>P</i>. <i>chalybea</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>euphorbiana</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>sericea</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>smaragdina</i>, and <i>P</i>. <i>virens</i> sp. n., differing from them by the combination of shining cyan to purple mesonotum (dull green in other species), entire transverse microtrichose band on face (λ-shaped, isolated from antennal grooves in <i>P</i>. <i>sericea</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>smaragdina</i>), dark brown or black frons with elongate oval orbital spot of microtrichia (pitchy black in <i>P</i>. <i>euphorbiana</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>sericea</i>, with large subrectangular area of microtrichia in the first, and cuneiform spot in the second; brownish yellow to dark brown, with short semicircular area of microtrichia in <i>P</i>. <i>chalybea</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>smaragdina</i>), and the phallus with moderately sparse and large spines on preglans (without spines in all other species with black fore metatarsus).</p> <p> <b>Description</b>: Head (Figs. 301–303). Frons 1.3–1.4 times as long as wide, shining brown, with elongate oval parafrontal microtichose spots and two pairs of poorly expressed calluses posterior to its middle and anterior half slightly concave and sparsely, very finely yellowish setulose. Vertical plates shining black, bearing 2 pairs of black, short, slightly reclinate orbital setae. Ocellar triangle black.</p> <p>Face brown, dorsal half of facial carina and antennal grooves entire transverse gray microtrichose crossband. Lunule shining yellow. Facial carina with entire transverse microtrichose crossband (Fig. 303). Facial ridge, parafacial and gena shining orange or brown, gena 1/3 times as high as eye; parafacial and facial ridge with white microtrichose stripe each. Epistome brown to black at middle, with greenish sheen. Occiput black, usually with brown area behind ocellar triangle and widely brown postgena; orbit posteriorly without microtrichose stripe. Medial vertical seta 0.6 times as long as frons width, 1.2 times as long as lateral vertical and 4–5 times as long as ocellar, orbital and 3 times longer than postocellar setae. Antenna yellowish brown, greyish microtrichose; flagellomere 1 rounded apically, 1.9–2.0 times as long as wide; arista bare, yellow in basal 1/6, remainder black. Clypeus brown to black. Palp brown to black, gray microtrichose, with moderately long black setulae. Mouthparts black.</p> <p>Thorax. Scutum and scutellum brown to black, with strongly shining cyan to violet, green and green to golden metallic sheen, finely shagreened, without rugulose areas (Figs. 301–302); supra-alar area and tympanal fossa subshining, postscutellum black, gray microtrichose; postero-ventral margin of scutellum without microtrichose area. Mesonotal scutum with fine brown setulae, forming medial (acrostichal) row, pair of regular dorsocentral and intra-alar rows; acrostichal setae either lacking or not differentiated from other setulae; one pair of hair-like dorsocentral setae. One postprononal, 2 postsutural supra-alar, one intra-alar and one postalar setae strong, black.</p> <p>Scutellum with green and cyan sheen, with very fine and short whitish setulae and 2 pairs of black scutellar setae.</p> <p>Wing (Fig. 304). Entirely hyaline, with yellow veins; cell r4+5 narrowly closed, not forming petiole; posteroapical extension of cell cup 1.5 times as long as vein A1+CuA2, and 3–4 times as long as transverse section of vein CuA2. Length: 3.7–4.5.</p> <p>Legs. Dark brown, including whole fore tarsus; mid- and hind tarsi creamy white to yellow; all setae black; fore femur postero-ventrally with 7–8 thickened, short setae in apical half.</p> <p>Abdomen. Both tergites and sternites black, with very bluish reflection, tergite 1 grey microtrichose at base; female tergite 2 with pair of dimple-like structures laterally.</p> <p>Male postabdomen brown to black; epandrium as on Figs. 308–309, with wide triangular nipple-like structures; hypandrium asymmetric; phallus with stipe longer than preglans and glans; preglans with 15–20 moderately sparse and large spines; glans with one hook-like and one nail-like lobe (the latter at apex of membranous lobe) and 3–4 uncategorized sclerotized structures (Figs. 306–307).</p> <p> Female terminalia (Figs. 311–312) as described for <i>P. clausa</i>.</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b>: Subsaharan Africafrom Gambia and Côte-d’Ivoire to Kenya and Congo.</p> <p> <b>Biology</b> unknown.</p> <p> <b>Remarks</b>. Some specimens in USNM and possibly other collections with Steyskal’s identification labels “ Physiphora deemingi” (unpublished name) actually belong to this species.</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>. The specific epithet “ <i>polita</i> ” (Latin “polished”) reflects shiny appearance of the body and was originally proposed by Hendel on a label of a male of this species from Kenya (MHNW), as “ <i>Chrysomyza polita</i> ”, but the species with this name has never been described or published.</p>Published as part of <i>Elena P. Kameneva & Valery A. Kroneyev, 2016, Revision of the Genus Physiphora Fallén 1810 (Diptera: Ulidiidae: Ulidiinae), pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4087 (1)</i> on pages 64-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4087.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/399511">http://zenodo.org/record/399511</a&gt

Physiphora allomma Speiser 1914

<i>Physiphora allomma</i> (Speiser 1914) <p>Figures 41–52.</p> <p> <i>Chrysomyza allomma</i> Speiser, 1914: 16; <i>Physiphora allomma</i>: Steyskal, 1980: 576.</p> <p> <b>Material</b>. <b>Type</b>. Holotype ♀: [<b>Cameroun</b>:] “Dschang, Oktober 1912 ” not located, apparently destroyed during WWII. <b>Non-type. Ethiopia</b>: Wushwush Saum, 36º 05.17E 07º 18.59N, h= 1988m, Trockenrasen, Streifnetz, 6, 10.12.2014, 3♂, 1♀ (H.-J.Flügel) (HJFC; SIZK); <b>South Africa</b>: W Cape, Cape Town, 33º56′S 18º28′E, larvae infesting growth tip of date palm, 19. v.2008, 6 ♂, 3♀, 3 puparia (G. Tribe) (SANC; SIZK); <b>Namibia</b>: West Kaprivi Park, Okavanga River Susuwe, 17º45′ 37″S 23º20′56″E, Malaise trap, dry woodland, 28.ix–2. x.1998, 1 ♂ (A. Kirk- Spriggs); Mahango Game Park, Okavango River at 18º13′ 19″S 21º45′10″E, Malaise trap, dry woodland, 1♀ (Kirk- Spriggs, Pape & Hauwanga) (NICW).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis</b>. This species differs from all other species of the genus by the combination of almost entirely black head, dull black thorax with faint blue or violet tinge, white fore basitarsomere with dark basal (!) and apical 0.2 of its length, and wing with widely opened cell r4+5 and brown veins. Superficially similar <i>P</i>. <i>hendeli</i> sp. n., <i>P</i>. <i>rugosa</i> sp. n., and <i>P</i>. <i>tarsata</i>, which sometimes may have dull black thorax with faint blue tinge, can be easily differentiated from it by the cell r4+5 narrowly closed, veins light yellow, fore basitarsomere yellow at base, and frons deeply wrinkled or pitted (smooth in <i>P. allomma</i>). <i>P</i>. <i>aperta</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>longicornis</i>, and <i>P</i>. <i>violacea</i> sharing with <i>P</i>. <i>allomma</i> black mesonotum with blue or violet tinge, are shining, with sparsely and weakly wrinkled thorax, whereas in <i>P</i>. <i>allomma</i> it is densely rugulose and dull. <i>P. allomma</i> and <i>P. aperta</i> (from Solomon Islands) share widely opened cell r4+5 and brown veins, differing mostly by black or brown frons and different ratio of the sections of costal vein between R4+5 and M and between R2+3 and R4+5 (see Key and Figs. 45 and 59).</p> <p> <b>Description</b>. Head (Figs. 42–44) black. Frons 1.2 times as long as wide, black, at anterior margin sometimes brown, shining, sparsely and finely, almost inconspicuously setulose, with round parafrontal microtichose spots and two pairs of calluses (oval swellings) posterior to its middle and slightly concave anterior half. Vertical plates black, with dark blue sheen, bearing 2 pairs of black, short, slightly reclinate orbital setae. Ocellar triangle black.</p> <p>Face black to dark brown, facial carina sharply delimited, dorsal half brown and black, medially with triangular microtrichose area narrowly separated from microtrichose antennal grooves. Lunule and facial ridge, parafacial and gena black or, rarely, brown, gena 1/3 times as high as eye; only parafacial with narrow white microtrichose stripe along anteroventral eye margin. Epistome entirely black. Occiput black. Medial vertical seta half as long as frons width, 1.3 times as long as lateral vertical and 3–4 times as long as ocellar, orbital and postocellar setae. Antenna brown to black; flagellomere 1 rounded apically, 1.5 times as long as wide, greyish microtrichose; arista bare, brown in basal 1/6, remainder black. Clypeus brown to black. Palp brown to black. Mouthparts black.</p> <p>Thorax (Fig. 41). Scutum and scutellum black, with dull green metallic sheen, finely rugulose, except antepronotum and posterior surface of postpronotal lobe, as well as pleura strongly shining; posterodorsal part of anepisternum shagreened; supra-alar area and tympanal fossa matt brown to black, postscutellum black, gray microtrichose; postero-ventral margin of scutellum without microtrichose area. Mesonotal scutum without medial row of setulae, acrostichal and dorsocentral setae; only poorly visible dorsocentral and postsutural intra-alar setulae present; all setae very fine and short, black. One postprononal, 2 postsutural supra-alar, one intra-alar and one postalar setae strong, black.</p> <p>Scutellum transversely shagreened, with faint deep blue reflection, with very fine and short black setulae and 2 pairs of black scutellar setae.</p> <p>Wing. Entirely hyaline, with brown veins; cell r4+5 conspicuously open, section of costal vein between R4+5 and M longer than half of crossvein r-m and less than half (0.25–0.3) times as long as section of costal vein between R2+3 and R4+5 (Fig. 45). postero-apical extension of cell cup 1.3 times as long as vein A1+CuA2, and 3 times as long as transverse section of vein CuA2. Length: 3.0–4.9 mm.</p> <p>Legs. Black except fore tarsus with basitarsomere creamy yellow in medial portion, and black in basal and apical one-fifth, mid- and hind tarsi yellow except apical tarsomeres black; all setae black; fore femur posteroventrally with 3–5 thickened, but rather short setae in apical half.</p> <p>Abdomen. Both tergites and sternites black, finely rugulose, with bluish reflection; all setulae black; abdominal tergite 1 basally grey microtrichose; female abdominal tergite 2 with pair of dimple-like structures laterally.</p> <p>Male postabdomen brown to black; epandrium as on Figs. 48–49, phallus with stipe at most as long as preglans and glans; preglans with chain of sharp spinules (Fig. 46 a) and big black spur distally of caecum (Fig. 46 b); glans as on Figs. 47, with at least two wide-based, sharply pointed lobes and one narrow claw-like lobe.</p> <p>Female terminalia: eversible membrane (Fig. 50) with two pairs of long taeniae and membrane between them cowered by fine monodentate scales; aculeus (Fig. 51) 7 times as long as wide at base; 3 spherical spermathecae (Fig. 52).</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b>: Ethiopia to Cameroon, Namibia and South Africa.</p> <p> <b>Biology</b>. Larvae feed in rotting date palm stems (possibly damaged by the palm weevil larvae).</p> <p> <b>Remarks</b>. Rare in collections; further comparative study of this species and <i>P. aperta</i> is needed.</p>Published as part of <i>Elena P. Kameneva & Valery A. Kroneyev, 2016, Revision of the Genus Physiphora Fallén 1810 (Diptera: Ulidiidae: Ulidiinae), pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4087 (1)</i> on pages 17-20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4087.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/399511">http://zenodo.org/record/399511</a&gt

Physiphora opalizana Kameneva & Kroneyev, 2016, sp. n.

<i>Physiphora opalizana</i> sp. n. <p>Figures 276–291.</p> <p> <b>Material. Type.</b> Holotype ♂: <b>Malawi</b>: “ Nyasaland, Ruo River, 200'”, 24.iii.1916 (R.C.Wood) (BMNH). Paratypes: <b>Namibia</b>: 14♂, 12♀, Opuva Dist., 35 km E Epupa: Kunene River, 17º03′ 37″S 13º29′32″E, Malaise trap shaded woodland, 9–11.x.1999 (Kirk-Spriggs, Pape & Hauwanga)label as in holotype (NICW, SIZK); 1♂, idem, Kunene, Epupa Falls, 17º00′ S 13º15′ E, 22. ii.1995, 1 ♂ (F. Koch) (MNKB); Lüderitz Dist., Klinghardt Mtns. at: 27º20′ 04″S 15º46′00″E, Malaise trap, 27.viii–3.ix.1998 (Kirk-Spriggs & Marais); <b>Malawi</b>: 2♂, “ Nyasaland, Ruo River, 200'”, 4.ii, 24.iii.1916 (R.C.Wood) (BMNH); <b>Zambia</b>: 1♂, 2♀: “ Rhodesia / Victoria Falls / Nat. l. Park / IV.36 —1968 / Spangler” (USNM).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis</b>. This species can be easily recognized from all known species of <i>Physophora</i> by the combination of matt, opalescent brownish yellow frons with median bare vitta, a pair of small semicircular spots of microtrichia, λshaped microtrichose area on the facial carina, fore metatarsus creamy, scutum densely rugulose, matt green or cyan with bluish and brownish vittae. Other two species with matt frons, <i>P. maraisi</i> sp. n. and <i>P. meyi</i> sp. n. do not have subshining median vitta on frons and possess different structure of the phallus. <i>P. opalizana</i> sp. n. and <i>P. meyi</i> sp. n. share, apart from the matt frons and scutum, λ-shaped pattern on facial carina, also shagreened abdomen, long nipple-like structures on male cerci and one long lobe on phallus glans; this possibly shows on their closest relationships.</p> <p> <b>Description</b>. Head (Figs. 276–278) black, with mostly brownish yellow frons, face and gena. Frons 1.1–1.2 times as long as wide, reddish brown, matt with comma-like or triangular parafrontal microtichose spot sometimes reaching anterior margin (Fig. 278), flat without expressed calluses, slightly concave at middle, finely and sparsely yellowish setulose in antero-lateral part. Vertical plates and ocellar triangle black; 2 pairs of black orbital setae; ocellar setae lateroclinate, as long as orbital setae.</p> <p>Face brownish yellow, facial carina with white λ-shaped microtrichose area widely separated from microtrichose antennal grooves; epistome brown to black, rugose, with metallic greenish reflections; lateral sides of face moderately low. Gena brown, 1/3 times as high as eye; parafacial matt; facial ridge and parafacial each with white microtrichose stripe; gena posteriorly with short microtrichose mark in genal groove; postgena brown (Figs. 276, 278). Occiput black, with brown area posterior of ocellar triangle. Medial vertical seta half as long as frons width, 1.5 times as long as lateral vertical and 4–6 times as long as ocellar, orbital, and postocellar setae. Antenna brown; flagellomere 1 laterally brown, rounded apically, 1.7–1.8 times as long as wide, greyish microtrichose; arista bare, brown in basal 1/4, remainder black. Clypeus brown to black. Palp black, grey microtrichose and black setose. Mouthparts black.</p> <p>Thorax (Figs. 276–277). Scutum and scutellum black, densely rugulose, almost matt, with green or cyan gleam and three vittae reddish and golden bordered; antepronotum, posterior portion of postpronotal lobe, posterior surface of notopleural triangle almost entirely rugulose, matt, with narrow shining areas, anterior half of anepisternum and katepisternum, subshining, with cyan sheen; posterodorsal parts of anepisternum, katepisternum, and anepimeron mostly rugulose; supra-alar area and tympanal fossa black, subshining rugulose; postscutellum black, sparsely gray microtrichose; postero-ventral margin of scutellum without microtrichose area; anatergite, katatergite and lateroventral parts of mediotergite sparsely microtrichose, with faint metallic green sheen. Mesonotal scutum with fine, poorly visible brownish setulae in intra-alar and dorsocentral rows (Fig. 277); acrostichal seta indistinguishable; dorsocentral setae hair-like; other setae moderately long, black: one postprononal, 2 postsutural supra-alar, one intra-alar and one postalar.</p> <p>Scutellum densely rugulose, with deep blue or green reflection, without distinguishable setulae; with 2 pairs of black scutellar setae.</p> <p>Wing. Entirely hyaline, with yellow veins; cell r4+5 narrowly closed, apical section of M conspicuously arcuate; apices of cells r2+3 and r4+5 with small blackish spot (Fig. 280). Postero-apical extension of cell cup 1.1–1.3 times as long as vein A1+CuA2, and 3–4 times as long as transverse section of vein CuA2. Calypters with white fringe. Length: 3.0–4.3 mm.</p> <p>Legs. Black except fore tarsus with basitarsomere yellow medially, with apical (and in female also basal) 1/6 dark brown, mid- and hind tarsi yellow except two apical tarsomeres brown; all setae black. Fore femur in both sexes strongly swollen, 3 times as long as wide, with rugose postero-basal area; postero-ventrally with 6–7 short thickened setae in apical half (Fig. 279).</p> <p>Abdomen. Both tergites and sternites black; with tergites gold shining and finely shagreened (Figs. 276–277) in male (especially on sides—Fig. 291) and less shagreened in female; all setulae black; abdominal tergite 1 basally grey microtrichose; female abdominal tergite 2 with pair of dimple-like structures laterally (Fig. 290).</p> <p>Male postabdomen brown to black; epandrium as on Fig. 284, cerci with long, antero-ventrally directed nipplelike structures (Fig. 285); phallus with stipe conspicuouslu widened, longer than preglans and glans; caecum apparently short (or shriveled); preglans bare (Fig. 282); glans with one very long lobe and 2–3 shorter claw- or spine-like lobes (Fig. 283). Hypandrium (Fig. 286) asymmetric.</p> <p>Female terminalia not dissected.</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b>. Namibia, South Africa.</p> <p> <b>Biology</b> unknown.</p> <p> <b>Remarks</b>. Specimens from Ruo River (BMNH) and Victoria Falls labelled by G. C. Steyskal as “ holotype ” and “ paratype ” are in fair condition, and we prefer to designate them only as paratypes, preserving old labels and using the manuscript name proposed by G. C. Steyskal.</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>. The name (originally proposed by G. C. Steyskal) is derived from Latin “opalus” (opal) and reflects the opalescent appearance of the frons in this species.</p>Published as part of <i>Elena P. Kameneva & Valery A. Kroneyev, 2016, Revision of the Genus Physiphora Fallén 1810 (Diptera: Ulidiidae: Ulidiinae), pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4087 (1)</i> on pages 59-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4087.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/399511">http://zenodo.org/record/399511</a&gt

Physiphora tarsata Macquart 1851

<i>Physiphora tarsata</i> (Macquart 1851) <p>Figures 374–379.</p> <p> <i>Ulidia tarsata</i> Macquart, 1851a: 274; 1851b: 301. <i>Physiphora tarsata</i>: Steyskal, 1980: 576.</p> <p> <b>Material. Type.</b> Syntypes 6♂ ♀: <b>Reunion</b>: [“ Ile Bourbon” (Bigot)”] “ Ulidia tarsata / Macq. n. sp.”, “ U. tarsata / ex coll. Bigot”, “ Syntype ” [blue-bordered circle] (UMO).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis</b>. <i>P</i>. <i>tarsata</i> is similar to <i>P</i>. <i>obscura</i> and <i>P. rugosa</i> sp. n. in the combination of the fore basitarsomere white, mesonotum densely rugulose, dull green, with shining black postpronotal lobe and margins of transverse suture, differing from them by the frons strongly pitted in anterior half (smooth in <i>P</i>. <i>obscura</i>, wrinkled in <i>P. rugosa</i> sp. n.).</p> <p> <b>Description</b>. Head (Figs. 374–376) black, with brown, strongly pitted anterior half and wrinkled posteriorly frons 1.2 times as long as wide, with large oval parafrontal microtichose spot not reaching anterior margin (Fig. 376). Vertical plates and ocellar triangle dark brown to black, with green reflection; 2 pairs of black orbital setae; ocellar setae lateroclinate, as long as orbital setae.</p> <p>Face brown, facial carina brown or black pattern, face apparently with entire transverse microtrichose band; epistome black, shagreened, with without metallic greenish reflection. Gena dark brown, 1/3 times as high as eye; facial ridge and parafacial not examined; gena posteriorly without microtrichose mark (Fig. 374). Occiput black. Antenna brown. Clypeus black. Palp and mouthparts black.</p> <p> Thorax (Fig. 374). Scutum black, densely rugulose, almost matt, with green sheen; antepronotum, postpronotal lobe, posterior surface of notopleural triangle, transverse suture, supra-alar and postalar parts of scutum, anterior half of anepisternum and katepisternum shining black; posterodorsal parts of anepisternum and katepisternum shagreened. Mesonotal scutum with dorsocentral rows of setulae; dorsocentral setae hair-like; other setae moderately long, black, as in <i>P. alceae</i>.</p> <p>Scutellum densely rugulose, usually with deep green reflection, with 2 pairs of black scutellar setae.</p> <p>Wing. Entirely hyaline, with yellow or partly brownish veins; cell r4+5 narrowly closed, apical section of M slightly arcuate (Fig. 378). Postero-apical extension of cell cup 1.4 times as long as vein A1+CuA2, and 3 times as long as transverse section of vein CuA2.</p> <p>Legs. Black except fore tarsus with basitarsomere creamy white in basal 5/6; mid- and hind femora yellowish brown in apical 1/5, mid and hind tibiae entirely brown; mid and hind tarsi yellow except last tarsomere brown; all setae black.</p> <p>Abdomen black.</p> <p>Male and female postabdomen not examined.</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b>. Reunion.</p> <p> <b>Biology</b> unknown.</p> <p> <b>Remarks</b>. This species was examined, photographed and very briefly described by VAK during his visit to Oxford in 2005, and have not been re-examined during this study; the description above is incomplete and needs further study of material.</p>Published as part of <i>Elena P. Kameneva & Valery A. Kroneyev, 2016, Revision of the Genus Physiphora Fallén 1810 (Diptera: Ulidiidae: Ulidiinae), pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4087 (1)</i> on pages 79-80, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4087.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/399511">http://zenodo.org/record/399511</a&gt