Loss of compatibility might explain resistance of the Arabidopsis thaliana accession Te-0 to Golovinomyces cichoracearum

The establishment of compatibility between plants and pathogens requires compliance with various conditions, such as recognition of the right host, suppression of defence mechanisms, and maintenance of an environment allowing pathogen reproduction. To date, most of the plant factors required to sustain compatibility remain unknown, with the few best characterized being those interfering with defence responses. A suitable system to study host compatibility factors is the interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana and the powdery mildew (PM) Golovinomyces cichoracearum. As an obligate biotrophic pathogen, this fungus must establish compatibility in order to perpetuate. In turn, A. thaliana displays natural variation for susceptibility to this invader, with some accessions showing full susceptibility (Col-0), and others monogenic dominant resistance (Kas-1). Interestingly, Te-0, among other accessions, displays recessive partial resistance to this PM.Results: In this study, we characterized the interaction of G. cichoracearum with Te-0 plants to investigate the basis of this plant resistance. We found that Te-0́s incompatibility was not associated with hyper-activation of host inducible defences. Te-0 plants allowed germination of conidia and development of functional haustoria, but could not support the formation of mature conidiophores. Using a suppressive subtractive hybridization technique, we identified plant genes showing differential expression between resistant Te-0 and susceptible Col-0 plants at the fungal pre-conidiation stage.Conclusions: Te-0 resistance is likely caused by loss of host compatibility and not by stimulation of inducible defences. Conidiophores formation is the main constraint for completion of fungal life cycle in Te-0 plants. The system here described allowed the identification of genes proposed as markers for susceptibility to this PM.Fil: Fabro, Georgina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Alvarez, Maria Elena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba; Argentin

El comportamiento ante la muerte en el Valle de Toluca a través de los testamentos. 1565-1623

Este artículo expone la mentalidad de la época para la vida y para la muerte, a través de las manifestaciones que sobre el destino fatal y la religiosidad tenían hombres y mujeres de la Toluca novohispana; esto mediante el análisis de los testamentos del Archivo Histórico de la Notaría N° 1 de Toluca. En el análisis de los testamentos se aborda a los sujetos que aparecen: testador, herederos, albaceas, testigos; así como las costumbres y ritos que sobre el momento de la muerte, y las postrimerías de ésta, efectuaban los sujetos involucrados, tales como la mortaja, las misas, las donaciones, etcétera. Quedan claras las últimas voluntades del testador, como las herencias de bienes muebles e inmuebles, de igual modo que semovientes, como ganado y esclavos. Bienes para Cofradías, fundación de capellanías, entre otras

Evaluación en dientes unirradiculares del efecto de la terapia mecánica periodontal sobre parámetros clínicos y bacteriológicos mediante biología molecular

P gingivalis, B forsythus, T denticola, A actinomycetemcomitans y P intermedia han sido reconocidos como patógenos periodontales presentes en diferentes proporciones en sitios periodontalmente afectados. El objetivo principal de la terapia periodontal causal es cambiar la composición microbiana de las bolsas enfermas por una flora compatible con salud y mantenerla en el tiempo. Once pacientes con diagnóstico clínico y radiográfico de periodontitis crónica recibieron terapia básica periodontal. Se tomaron muestras de placa subgingival de 44 sitios y se analizaron por PCR para la identificación de cinco patógenos putativos periodontales antes, a 1 semana, 3 meses y 12 meses de efectuado el tratamiento. Al inicio, P gingivalis fue la especie bacteriana prevalente, seguida de B forsythus y T denticola. El raspaje y alisado radicular resultó en una significativa mejora de los parámetros clínicos como así también en la reducción de los sitios positivos para las bacterias del complejo rojo. Los resultados obtenidos se mantuvieron hasta los 12 meses que duró el estudi

Diez para Dios. El diezmo y su arrendamiento en el Valle de Toluca, 1650 1700

Durante el periodo novohispano, el arrendamiento y la cobranza del diezmo eclesiástico estuvieron ligados íntimamente a la actividad productiva de la tierra, sobre todo a la agricultura y ganadería. El Valle de Toluca fue un bastión importante en el arrendamiento del diezmo, de acuerdo con los protocolos de la Notaría N° 1 de Toluca. En la transacción económica Iglesiaparticulares podemos encontrar hacendados de renombre y/o personas que se prestaban como fiadores para la actividad que redituó ganancias a la Iglesia católica. Para la argumentación de este artículo se consultaron fuentes primarias de archivo, siendo el principal el Archivo General de Notarías del Estado de México, en su sección histórica.Durante el periodo novohispano, el arrendamiento y la cobranza del diezmo eclesiástico estuvieron ligados íntimamente a la actividad productiva de la tierra, sobre todo a la agricultura y ganadería. El Valle de Toluca fue un bastión importante en el arrendamiento del diezmo, de acuerdo con los protocolos de la Notaría N° 1 de Toluca. En la transacción económica Iglesiaparticulares podemos encontrar hacendados de renombre y/o personas que se prestaban como fiadores para la actividad que redituó ganancias a la Iglesia católica. Para la argumentación de este artículo se consultaron fuentes primarias de archivo, siendo el principal el Archivo General de Notarías del Estado de México, en su sección histórica

Alcohol consumption and risk of common cancers: evidence from a cohort of adults from the United Kingdom

Background: Recent guidelines from the United Kingdom recommend that men and women should drink no more than 14 units of alcohol per week. This recommendation takes into account the link between alcohol and several cancers; however, there is a dearth of high quality evidence from the UK to support this. Methods: Alcohol consumption using a detailed diary was obtained from 8,670 adults representative of the UK population in 1984/5, with follow-up data from cancer registries until 2009. Hazard ratios (HR) adjusted for several variables including cigarette smoking were calculated for cancers of the breast, lung, colorectum and prostate separately using Cox regression. Results: Units per week on a typical basis, fitted as a linear term, was associated with breast cancer in women (HR=1.27 per 10 units/week; 95% CI 1.03-1.58) and lung cancer in men (HR=1.16; 1.06-1.27). Increased risks of lung (HR=2.23; 1.18-4.24) and colorectal (HR = 2.28; 1.13-4.57) cancer were seen in men at 15-28 units/week along with higher levels of consumption. Some findings differed by alcohol type. Conclusions: Overall, alcohol consumption of 15-28 units/week may be harmful in men with respect to common cancers. A linear association between alcohol consumption and risk of breast cancer was observed in women

Outline of the catalogue of the protocols of Toluca notary Nº 1 (1558-1685) and its products

La Facultad de Humanidades de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, por nuestro conducto y con el apoyo de los responsables del Archivo Histórico de Notarías del mismo Estado, ha venido catalogando las escrituras de la Notaría No. 1 de Toluca del que ahora presentamos un panorama general y de las tesis que han realizado sus egresados.The Faculty of Humanities of the Autonomous University of Mexico State, through us and with the support of those responsible for the Historical Archives of Notaries of the same State, has been cataloging the writings of the Notary Office No. 1 of Toluca now present a overview and thesis that have made their graduates

Aplicación de la estrategia scm

Este proyecto consiste en el estudio y la aplicación de la estrategia de administración de la cadena de abastecimiento en la empresa Almacenera del Agro S.A.(ALMAGRO), buscando integrar de una manera eficiente el proceso de planificación, puesta en ejecución y control de las operaciones de la red de suministro con el propósito de satisfacer las necesidades de sus clientes con tanta eficacia como sea posible, llegando a convertirse un eslabón importante dentro de la cadena; además de la selección de una herramienta informática open source la cual apoye al flujo de información. La Alternativa propuesta ofrece a la empresa el establecimiento de un sencillo y completo modelo de compras y aprovisionamiento definiendo políticas que rijan los procesos desde la solicitud del cliente hasta la entrega del servicio, mediante el cual el área operativa de la empresa se provea de bienes y servicios de una forma eficiente y efectiva, obteniendo los resultados financieros trazados en sus metas

Identification of inoculum sources of Fusicladium eriobotryae in loquat orchards in Spain

[EN] Fusicladium eriobotryae is the causal agent of loquat scab, the main disease damaging fruit, leaves and young twigs of this crop. A two-growing season study (2015¿2016 and 2016¿2017) was carried out in two loquat orchards (cv ¿Algerie¿) to determine the inoculum sources of F. eriobotryae by direct observation of conidia, pathogen isolation on culture media and detection using a new real time PCR protocol developed in this study. One-year-old twigs, fruit peduncles and fruit mummies were randomly sampled three times per growing season on each orchard, and inflorescences only at flowering. Conidia of F. eriobotryae were not found and the isolation of the pathogen was neither possible from any sample in both seasons. Specific primers FUG2F and FUG2R, were designed to detect and quantify DNA of F. eriobotryae on plant material, with a limit of detection (LOD) established at 48.6 fg/¿l. The DNA of the pathogen was not detected by real time PCR in fruit mummies nor inflorescences. It was detected in fruit peduncles and twigs in the season 2016¿2017 with concentrations ranging from 50 to 2742 fg/¿l, confirming that this two loquat organs might act as potential inoculum sources for F. eriobotryae. The detection of F. eriobotryae only in this season agrees with the predictions of an epidemiological model for this pathogen. Our results indicate that in years with a high disease pressure, fruit twigs and peduncles might act as a source of inoculum of new infections the following year.This study was funded by Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) grant number RTA2013-00004-C03-03, and FEDER Funds. G. Elena was supported by the Spanish post-doctoral grant Juan de la Cierva-Formación. We thank the E. Soler from the Cooperativa Agrícola de Callosa d En Sarrià (Alicante, Spain) for his collaboration during orchard sampling, and A. Ramón-Albalat and V. Serra for their technical assistance.Elena-Jiménez, G.; Berbegal Martinez, M.; González Domínguez, E.; Armengol Fortí, J. (2020). Identification of inoculum sources of Fusicladium eriobotryae in loquat orchards in Spain. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 156:425-436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01892-yS425436156Acuña, R. P. (2010). Compendio de bacterias y hongos de frutales y vides en Chile. Santiago de Chile: Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero.Bilodeau, G. J., Koike, S. T., Uribe, P., & Martin, F. N. (2012). Development of an assay for rapid detection and quantification of Verticillium dahliae in soil. Phytopathology, 102, 331–343.Bustin, S. A., Benes, V., Garson, J. A., Hellemans, J., Huggett, J., Kubista, M., Mueller, R., Nolan, T., Pfaffl, M. W., Hipley, G. L., Vandesompele, J., & Wittwer, C. T. (2009). The MIQE guidelines: Minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Clinical Chemistry, 55, 611–622.Caballero, P., & Fernández, M. A. (2002). Loquat, production and market. Options Méditerranéennes Serie A, 58, 11–20.Ciliberti, N., Fermaud, M., Languasco, L., & Rossi, V. (2015). Influence of fungal strain, temperature, and wetness duration of infection of grapevine inflorescences and young berry clusteres by Botrytis cinerea. Phytopathology, 105, 325–333.Cullen, D. W., Lees, A. K., Toth, I. K., & Duncan, J. M. (2001). Conventional PCR and real-time quantitative PCR detection of Helminthosporium solani in soil and on potato tubers. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 107, 387–398.Daniëls, B., De Landtsheer, A., Dreesen, R., Davey, M. W., & Keulemans, J. (2012). Real-time PCR as a promising tool to monitor growth of Venturia spp. in scab-susceptible and -resistant apple leaves. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 134, 821–833.Demaree, J. (1924). Pecan scab with special reference to sources of the early spring infections. Journal of Agriculture Research, 28, 321–330.Ghasemkhani, M., Holefors, A., Marttila, S., Dalman, K., Zborowska, A., Rur, M., Rees-George, J., Nybom, H., Everett, K. R., Scheper, R. W. A., & Garkava-Gustavsson, L. (2016). Real-time PCR for detection and quantification, and histological characterization of Neonectria ditissima in apple trees. Trees, 30, 1111–1125.Gisbert, A. D., Besoain, X., Llácer, G., & Badenes, M. L. (2006). Protección de cultivo II, Enfermedades. In M. Agustí, C. Reig, & P. Undurraga (Eds.), El Cultivo del Níspero Japonés (pp. 227–246). Valencia: Gráficas Alcoy.Gladieux, P., Caffier, V., Devaux, M., & Le Cam, B. (2010). Host specific differentiation among populations of Venturia inaequalis causing scab on apple, pyracantha and loquat. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 47, 511–521.González-Domínguez, E., Rossi, V., Armengol, J., & García-Jiménez, J. (2013). Effect of environmental factors on mycelial growth and conidial germination of Fusicladium eriobotryae, and the infection of loquat leaves. Plant Disease, 97, 1331–1338.González-Domínguez, E., Armengol, J., & Rossi, V. (2014a). Development and validation of a weather-based model for predicting infection of loquat fruit by Fusicladium eriobotryae. PLoS One, 9, e107547.González-Domínguez, E., Rossi, V., Michereff, S. J., García-Jiménez, J., & Armengol, J. (2014b). Dispersal of conidia of Fusicladium eriobotryae and spatial patterns of scab in loquat orchards in Spain. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 139, 849–861.González-Domínguez, E., León, M., Armengol, J., & Berbegal, M. (2015). A nested polymerase chain reaction protocol for in planta detection of Fusicladium eriobotryae, causal agent of loquat scab. Journal of Phytopathology, 163, 415–418.González-Domínguez, E., Armengol, J., & Rossi, V. (2017). Biology and epidemiology of Venturia species affecting fruit crops: A review. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 1496.Graniti, A. (1993). Olive scab: A review. EPPO Bulletin, 23, 377–384.Gusberti, M., Patocchi, A., Gessler, C., & Broggini, G. A. L. (2012). Quantification of Venturia inaequalis growth in Malus × domestica with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Plant Disease, 96, 1791–1797.Janick, J. (2011). Predictions for loquat improvement in the next decade. Acta Horticulturae, 887, 25–30.Kumar, S., Stecher, G., & Tamura, K. (2016). MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 33, 1870–1874.Lalancette, N., McFarland, K., & Burnett, L. (2012). Modelling sporulation of Fusicladium carpophilum on nectarine twig lesions: Relative humidity and temperature effects. Phytopathology, 102, 421–428.Lin, S. Q. (2007). World loquat production and research with special reference to China. Acta Horticulturae, 750, 37–44.Martínez-Calvo, B. J., Badenes, M. L., Llacer, G., Bleiholder, H., Hack, H., & Meier, U. (1999). Phenological growth stages of loquat tree (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb) Lindl.). Annals of Applied Biology, 134, 353–357.Pilotti, M., Lumia, V., Di Lernia, G., & Brunetti, A. (2012). Development of real-time PCR for in wood-detection of Ceratocystis platani, the agent of canker stain of Platanus spp. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 134, 61–79.Prota, U. (1960). Ricerche sulla «ticchiolatura del Nespolo del Giappone e sul suo agente (Fusicladium eriobotryae Cav.). I. Observazioni sull’epidemiologia della malattia e sui caratteri morfo-biologici del parassita in Sardegna. Studi di Sassari, 8, 175–196.Ptskialadze, L. (1968). The causal agent of loquat scab and its biological characteristics. Review of Applied Mycology, 47, 268.Raabe, R., & Gardner, M. W. (1972). Scab of pyracantha, loquat, Toyon and Kageneckia. Phytopathology, 62, 914–916.Rodríguez, A. (1983). El cultivo del níspero en el valle del Algar-Guadalest. Sociedad Cooperativa de Crédito de. Alicante: Callosa d’En Sarrià.Salerno, M., Somma, V., & Rosciglione, B. (1971). Ricerche sull’epidemiologia della ticchiolatura del nespolo del giappone. Technology Agriculture, 23, 947–956.Sánchez-Torres, P., Hinarejos, R., & Tuset, J. J. (2007a). Fusicladium eriobotryae: hongo causante del moteado del níspero en el Mediterráneo español. Boletín de Sanidad Vegetal. Plagas, 33, 89–98.Sánchez-Torres, P., Hinarejos, R., & Tuset, J. J. (2007b). Identification and characterization of Fusicladium eriobotryae: Fungal pathogen causing mediterranean loquat scab. Acta Horticulturae, 750, 343–347.Sánchez-Torres, P., Hinarejos, R., & Tuset, J. J. (2009). Characterization and pathogenicity of Fusicladium eriobotryae, the fungal pathogen responsible for loquat scab. Plant Disease, 93, 1151–1157.Schena, L., Li Destri Nicosia, M. G., Sanzani, S. M., Faedda, R., Ippolito, A., & Cacciola, S. O. (2013). 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Susceptibility to Melampsora leaf rust of poplar clones from diverse genetic backgrounds: effects on photochemistry and water relations

The selection of resistant genotypes is the most appropriate approach in the prevention of the reduction of biomass and mortality caused by rust infection in poplar plantations. Thus, it is pertinent that we improve our understanding of the consequences that this fungal disease has on leaf physiology. Here, we studied the susceptibility to Melampsora rust in three different poplar clones of commercial interest: Lux clone - Populus deltoides Batr. (cottonwood) and Luisa Avanzo and Adige clones - both Populus × canadensis Mönch. The most susceptible clone to the infection was L. Avanzo whereas Lux and especially Adige were only slightly affected. The propagation of the disease was very rapid in L. Avanzo; their leaves showed a high incidence and severity of the disease in early and advanced stages of infection as was clearly evidenced by the degree of infection. Infected leaves of L. Avanzo were shown to have drought impaired water relations during summer as reflected by the marked decline in the relative water content (RWC). Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging revealed heterogeneity of the effect of the pathogen in the leaves, and areas with pustules showed low maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and PSII quantum yield (?PSII) values, indicative of strong photoinhibition. In L. Avanzo, with a greater pustule density, rust provoked a decline in whole leaf photochemistry as indicated by Fv/Fm and photochemical reflectance index (PRI) results. Leaf structural parameters were not affected by the disease but results in L. Avanzo and Lux showed higher leaf mass per area (LMA) and higher leaf density (D) indicating an adaptation to increasing summer drought. In all clones, the effect of the pathogen was reflected in lower leaf chlorophyll content